Cited by 1,638Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorGambling Behavior and Treatments

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Meta‐analysis of cue‐reactivity in addiction research

Carter, Brian L., Tiffany, Stephen T.·1999·Addiction

DOI 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x

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Abstract

Aims. The cue‐reactivity procedure exposes addicts to a variety of drug‐related stimuli while self‐report of craving and physiological responses are monitored. The present review sought to determine the magnitude and overall pattern of responses typically found in cue‐reactivity research and which, if any, learning‐based model of cue reactivity is best supported by the findings. Design. Meta‐analytical techniques were used to select and evaluate results from 41 cue‐reactivity studies that compared responses of alcoholics, cigarette smokers, cocaine addicts or heroin addicts to drug‐related versus neutral stimuli. Effect sizes were calculated, separately by addict type, for self‐report of craving and physiological responses (heart rate, sweat gland activity and skin temperature). Findings. Across all addict groups, the effect size for craving was +0.92. Alcoholics had a significantly smaller craving effect size (+0.53) compared to other addict groups (+1.18 to +1.29). Relatively smaller effect sizes were found for physiological responses. The general profile of effect sizes across all addict groups was increased heart rate (+0.26) and sweat gland activity (+0.40) and decreased skin temperature (‐0.24) when addicts were presented with drug‐related stimuli. Conclusions. The cuereactivity paradigm can produce a stable profile of significant effects and, therefore, has a number of potential applications for investigating addictive phenomena. The implications of these findings for conditioning‐based models of cue‐reactivity phenomena are discussed.

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Background
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“In a meta-analysis including over 40 cue-reactivity studies Carter and Tiffany (1999) pointed out that the cue-reactivity paradigm can serve as a useful instrument to produce 1388-2457/$32.00 2006 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.”
BackgroundInfluential
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Method
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“41 [18,19]) across a variety of modalities, including in vivo [20–24], pictorial [19], imaginary based [20,25–29], video clip [24,30] and virtual reality manipulations [31–33].”
Background
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BackgroundResult
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Background
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Background
Dissection of appetitive conditioning. Does impulsivity play a role?
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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“…to be related to changes in alcohol consumption (Monk et al. 2015), as well as related cognitions (Monk and Heim 2013a, b, 2014), relapse (e.g. Carter and Tiffany 1999; Marlatt 1990; Siegel 2005; Zironi et al. 2006) and craving (Conklin and Tiffany 2002; Courtney and Ray 2014; Modell and…”
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“Immediate availability of substances is seen as a primary and proximal factor in cognitive behavioral models, the behavioral economics model, and cue reactivity research (Carter & Tiffany, 1999; Marlatt, 1996; Monti et al., 1987; Vuchinich & Tucker, 1996).”
Background
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“The exposure to a short movie clip containing scenes from different movies is similar to the setup of cuereactivity studies (Carter & Tiffany, 1999), and therefore, a confirmation of these results is expected and not surprising.”
Method
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Self-citation
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“…nucleus accumbens; orbitofrontal cortex; ethanol; cue reactivity Introduction Drug conditioned stimuli (CS) elicit craving and physiological arousal (Carter and Tiffany, 1999), addiction relapse (Cooney et al., 1997, Grüsser et al., 2004), and promote drugseeking in animals (Crombag et al., 2008).”
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“Given that social drinkers perceive alcohol cues as arousing (Carter & Tiffany, 1999), arousal evoked by the cues may account for their disinhibiting properties, and there should be a clear relationship between the arousing properties of different cues and their effects on disinhibition.”
Background
Effects of d -Cycloserine on Craving to Alcohol Cues in Problem Drinkers: Preliminary Findings
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“Finally, although the study was statistically powered based on previously observed effect sizes for cue reactivity, extinction, and DCS enhancement (9,37,48), the sample size was relatively small and could not detect smaller, more nuanced influences.”
Background
PPARγ agonism attenuates cocaine cue reactivity
Miller, W. R., Fox, R. G., Stutz, S. J., Lane, S. D., Denner, L. A., Cunningham, K. A., & Dineley, K. T. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12471 · Cited by 29
“© 2016 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction Biology, 23, 55–68 because cocaine cue reactivity predicts relapse and treatment success in cocaine dependent subjects (Carter & Tiffany 1999; Rohsenow et al. 1990).”
Background
Cue‐induced effects on decision‐making distinguish subjects with gambling disorder from healthy controls
Genauck, A., Andrejević, M., Brehm, K., Matthis, C., Heinz, A., Weinreich, A., Kathmann, N., & Romanczuk‐Seiferth, N. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12841 · Cited by 27
Noradrenergic contributions to cue-driven risk-taking and impulsivity
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Modeling Relapse Situations in the Human Laboratory
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“While social drinkers report increases in cue-induced alcohol craving, findings on behavioral and physiological responses to cues in social drinkers are weak and quite mixed in the literature (Carter and Tiffany 1999b; Litt and Cooney 1999).”
Background
Smoking Cue Reactivity in Adult Smokers with and without Depression: A Pilot Study
Weinberger, A. H., McKee, S. A., & George, T. P. (2012) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00203.x · Cited by 29
Sustained incentive value of heroin-related cues in short- and long-term abstinent heroin users
Preller, K. H., Wagner, M., Sulzbach, C., Hoenig, K., Neubauer, J., Franke, P. E., Petrovsky, N., Frommann, I., Rehme, A. K., & Quednow, B. B. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.11.007 · Cited by 29
“However, sustained appetitive value of drug-related cues might be a driving force underlying the high relapse rates in heroin addiction (Carter and Tiffany, 1999; Fatseas et al., 2011).”
Background
Gender differences in acute alcohol effects on self-regulation of arousal in response to emotional and alcohol-related picture cues.
Udo, T., Bates, M. E., Mun, E., Vaschillo, E. G., Vaschillo, B., Lehrer, P. M., & Ray, S. (2009) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0015015 · Cited by 31
“…reactivity research has focused on alcohol dependent individuals who typically self-report craving and show increased autonomic arousal, such as increased HR and GSR, in response to both visual and olfactory alcohol cues (see Carter & Tiffany, 1999; Drummond, Cooper, & Glautier, 1990 for reviews).”
Background
Electrophysiological evidence of alcohol-related attentional bias in social drinkers low in alcohol sensitivity.
Shin, E., Hopfinger, J. B., Lust, S. A., Henry, E. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0019663 · Cited by 33
“In general, such biases in motivation and attention are theorized to develop over time as a function of increasing alcohol use (see Carter & Tiffany, 1999; Robinson & Berridge, 2001, 2003; Stritzke, Breiner, Curtin, & Lang, 2004).”
Background
Effects of exercise on the desire to smoke and physiological responses to temporary smoking abstinence: a crossover trial
Roberts, V., Gant, N., Sollers, J. J., Bullen, C., Jiang, Y., & Maddison, R. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3742-8 · Cited by 29
Cue reactivity as a predictor of successful abstinence initiation among adult smokers.
Conklin, C. A., Parzynski, C. S., Salkeld, R. P., Perkins, K. A., & Fonte, C. A. (2012) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0029599 · Cited by 29
“…Predictors; Relapse; Cue reactivity; Abstinence initiation; Smoking cessation Cue-induced reactivity among smokers, in which increased urge to smoke is brought on by exposure to smoking-related stimuli, is a well-established phenomenon in human addiction laboratories (see Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
Cue-induced cigarette craving and mixed emotions: A role for positive affect in the craving process
Veilleux, J. C., Conrad, M., & Kassel, J. D. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.12.006 · Cited by 32
“Self-reported craving in response to valenced cues has received limited empirical attention in the realm of cuereactivity , as the typical cue-reactivity study compares craving responses to cigarette cues with craving responses to neutral cues (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Immunosuppression Induced by a Conditioned Stimulus Associated With Cocaine Self-Administration
Kubera, M., Filip, M., Budziszewska, B., Basta‐Kaim, A., Wydra, K., Leśkiewicz, M., Regulska, M., Jaworska-Feil, L., Przegaliński, E., Machowska, A., et al. (2008) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1254/jphs.fp0072106 · Cited by 29
Integrating Cognitive Neuroscience Research and Cognitive Behavioral Treatment with Neurofeedback Therapy in Drug Addiction Comorbid with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Conceptual Review
Sokhadze, T. M., Stewart, C., & Hollifield, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1300/j184v11n02_03 · Cited by 29
Reconditioning of drug-related cues: A potential contributor to relapse after drug reexposure
Leri, F., & Rizos, Z. (2005) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.01.013 · Cited by 30
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Craving and the Regulation of Craving
Hedy Kober, A., & Mell, M. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118472415.ch9 · Cited by 33
“…summarizing 41 such studies concluded that the presentation of drug‐ associated cues strongly and reliably induces the subjective experience of craving, along with a range of physiological responses such as increased heart rate and sweat response across all addicted groups (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
On-body Sensing of Cocaine Craving, Euphoria and Drug-Seeking Behavior Using Cardiac and Respiratory Signals
Gullapalli, B. T., Natarajan, A., Angarita, G. A., Malison, R. T., Ganesan, D., & Rahman, T. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3328917 · Cited by 32
“Carter and Tiffany [12] have shown that drug craving gives rise to a significant increase in heart-rate, sweat-gland activity, and skin temperature in response to drug-related cues.”
Background
Context and craving among individuals with alcohol use disorder attempting to moderate their drinking.
Kuerbis, A., Shao, S., Padovano, H. T., Jadanova, A., Kumar, D. S., Vitale, R., Nitzburg, G. C., Vadhan, N. P., & Morgenstern, J. (2020) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000349 · Cited by 30
“The Association between Alcohol Cues and Craving Alcohol cues predict alcohol craving (Carter & Tiffany, 1999), yet there is surprisingly little research on which types of cues or contexts drive alcohol craving on a daily basis (Serre et al., 2015), particularly in the context of a goal of…”
Background
Memory Retrieval-Extinction Combined With Virtual Reality Reducing Drug Craving for Methamphetamine: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Liu, W., Chen, X., Wen, Y., Winkler, M. H., Paul, P., He, Y., Wang, L., Chen, H., & Li, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00322 · Cited by 29
“HR and HRV are frequently regarded as objective measurements of anxiety responses and craving reactivity (5).”
BackgroundInfluential
Connectome-based prediction of craving in gambling disorder and cocaine use disorder
Antons, S., Yip, S. W., Lacadie, C., Dadashkarimi, J., Scheinost, D., Brand, M., & Potenza, M. N. (2023) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/19585969.2023.2208586 · Cited by 26
“In laboratory settings, craving is often induced by visual cues (e.g., images or videos) that are related to the addictive behaviour (Starcke et al. 2018; Carter and Tiffany 1999; Jasinska et al. 2014).”
Background
Perhaps More Consideration of Pavlovian-Operant Interaction May Improve the Clinical Efficacy of Behaviorally Based Drug Treatment Programs
Troisi, J. (2013) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.11133/j.tpr.2013.63.4.010 · Cited by 29
“Meta-analyses and other more direct empirical evaluations (Carter & Tiffany, 1999a, 1999b; Marissen, Franken, Blanken, van den Brink, & Hendriks, 2007) have revealed weak reliability (see also Drummond, 2001) with little or no long-term follow-up data beyond 6–12 months (see Conklin & Tiffany,…”
Background
Therapeutic Targeting of “DARPP-32”
Mahajan, S. D., Aalinkeel, R., Reynolds, J. L., Nair, B. B., Sykes, D. E., Hu, Z., Bonoiu, A. C., Ding, H. Y., Prasad, P. N., & Schwartz, S. A. (2009) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(09)88008-2 · Cited by 28
“In heroin-free individuals, drug craving and relapse to drug use can be triggered by stress (Kreek and Koob, 1998) and by stimuli previously associated with drug use (Carter and Tiffany, 1999; Childress et al., 1992).”
Background
Peer Pressure, Psychological Distress and the Urge to Smoke
Tsai, Y., Wen, Y., Tsai, C.-R., & Tsai, T.-I. (2009) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph6061799 · Cited by 28
“In addition, some studies applied the Pavlovian’s conditioning theory or social learning theories to highlight the role of environmental events or affective/physiological cues that may evoke conditioned reactions to substance use [16-20].”
Background
Predictors of Relapse in Filipino Male Methamphetamine Users: A Mixed Methods Approach
Tuliao, A. P., & Liwag, M. E. C. D. (2011) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2011.573319 · Cited by 30
Operant responding for alcohol following alcohol cue exposure in social drinkers
Dyke, N. A. V., & Fillmore, M. T. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.016 · Cited by 28
“…which such cue exposure primes alcohol consumption is measured by how much alcohol is subsequently consumed by subjects when given ad libitum access to alcohol, or during bogus taste-rating tasks where they are asked to sample and evaluate the taste of alcoholic beverages (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
Effect of craving induction on inhibitory control in opiate dependence
Verdejo‐García, A., Lubman, D. I., Schwerk, A. M. K., Roffel, K., Vilar‐López, R., MacKenzie, T., & Yücel, M. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2512-0 · Cited by 29
“We chose to study opiate dependence as it is thought to be one of the most pervasive forms of addiction, in which the phenomenon of cue-induced craving is extremely robust (Carter and Tiffany 1999).”
Background
“Withdrawal symptoms” in adolescents: A comparison of former smokers and never‐smokers
Prokhorov, A. V., Hudmon, K. S., Cinciripini, P. M., & Marani, S. K. (2005) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200500266114 · Cited by 28
Cue reactivity towards shopping cues in female participants
Starcke, K., Schlereth, B., Domass, D., Schöler, T., & Brand, M. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.1.2012.012 · Cited by 28
Alcohol expectancies and reactivity to alcohol-related and affective cues.
Drobes, D. J., Carter, A. C., & Goldman, M. S. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0014482 · Cited by 28
“…measures of affective response (e.g., heart rate and skin conductance) generally to show smaller effect sizes than self-report measures (e.g., Carter & Tiffany, 1999), in this study we also assessed the startle eyeblink reflex, presumably a more specific index of attentional and affective…”
Background
Effects of blockade of α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behaviour in rats
Liu, X. (2013) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713000874 · Cited by 31
Distress tolerance: Associations with trauma and substance cue reactivity in low-income, inner-city adults with substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress.
Vujanovic, A. A., Wardle, M. C., Bakhshaie, J., Smith, L. J., Green, C. E., Lane, S. D., & Schmitz, J. M. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000362 · Cited by 29
A role for leptin and ghrelin in the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction
D’Cunha, T. M., Chisholm, A., Hryhorczuk, C., Fulton, S., & Shalev, U. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05415-9 · Cited by 27
Cognitive and emotional predictors of real versus sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment response in methamphetamine use disorder
Chen, T., Su, H., Jiang, H., Li, X., Zhong, N., Du, J., Meng, Y., Duan, C., Zhang, C., Ke, X., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.007 · Cited by 27
The Formation of a Socioeconomic Health Disparity: The Case of Cocaine Use during the 1980s and 1990s
Miech, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650804900308 · Cited by 28
“…desistence from long-term, chronic use of cocaine or any other illegal drug is also uncommon because behavioral and biological patterns engrained by years of illegal drug use carry a momentum that is difficult to counteract (Carter and Tiffany 1999; Crits-Christoph et al. 2007; O’Brien 2005).”
Background
Role of abstinence and visual cues on food and smoking craving
Alsene, K. M., Li, Y., Chaverneff, F., & de Wit, H. (2003) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200303000-00006 · Cited by 27
“Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. phenomenon reflects conditioned craving, and conditioned responses to drug cues have been studied extensively with other drugs, including cocaine, nicotine (i.e. cigarettes) and alcohol (Carter and Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
THE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE OF OBSERVING
Shahan, T. A., Magee, A., & Dobberstein, A. (2003) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2003.80-273 · Cited by 28
“Contact with such stimuli also increases selfreports of drug craving in humans (see Carter & Tiffany, 1999, for review) and increases the likelihood (see de Wit, 1996, for review) and persistence (Shahan, 2003) of drug selfadministration of nonhumans.”
Background
Self‐Control of Smoking: When Does Narrowed Attention Help?1
Westling, E. H., Mann, T. L., & Ward, A. C. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00097.x · Cited by 28
Flavour conditioning and alcohol: a multilevel model of individual differences
Glautier, S., Bankart, J., & Williams, A. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00022-8 · Cited by 28
The Cue Reactivity Paradigm in Addiction Research
Reynolds, E. K., & Monti, P. M. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118384404.ch14 · Cited by 32
Persistent effects of acute stress on fear and drug-seeking in a novel model of the comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and addictionPreprint
Pizzimenti, C. L., Navis, T., & Lattal, K. M. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.044164.116 · Cited by 28
Sleep deprivation impairs the extinction of cocaine-induced environmental conditioning in mice
Berro, L. F., Hollais, A. W., Patti, C. L., et al. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.001 · Cited by 27

Authors: Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T.
Affiliations: Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 94
Issue: 3
Pages: 327-340
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x
OpenAlex: W1988132969
Cited by: 1,638
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 90 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 97
FWCI: 16.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1159 d)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2r01da004050-09a2)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA04050)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Keywords: cue reactivity, drug craving, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, cocaine dependence, heroin addiction, physiological responses, heart rate, sweat gland activity, skin temperature
MeSH terms: Adult, Cues, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Research, Skin Temperature, Sweating, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Substance-Related Disorders

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Meta‐analysis of cue‐reactivity in addiction research

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