Cited by 1,638Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorGambling Behavior and Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Meta‐analysis of cue‐reactivity in addiction research

Carter, Brian L., Tiffany, Stephen T.·1999·Addiction

DOI 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Aims. The cue‐reactivity procedure exposes addicts to a variety of drug‐related stimuli while self‐report of craving and physiological responses are monitored. The present review sought to determine the magnitude and overall pattern of responses typically found in cue‐reactivity research and which, if any, learning‐based model of cue reactivity is best supported by the findings. Design. Meta‐analytical techniques were used to select and evaluate results from 41 cue‐reactivity studies that compared responses of alcoholics, cigarette smokers, cocaine addicts or heroin addicts to drug‐related versus neutral stimuli. Effect sizes were calculated, separately by addict type, for self‐report of craving and physiological responses (heart rate, sweat gland activity and skin temperature). Findings. Across all addict groups, the effect size for craving was +0.92. Alcoholics had a significantly smaller craving effect size (+0.53) compared to other addict groups (+1.18 to +1.29). Relatively smaller effect sizes were found for physiological responses. The general profile of effect sizes across all addict groups was increased heart rate (+0.26) and sweat gland activity (+0.40) and decreased skin temperature (‐0.24) when addicts were presented with drug‐related stimuli. Conclusions. The cuereactivity paradigm can produce a stable profile of significant effects and, therefore, has a number of potential applications for investigating addictive phenomena. The implications of these findings for conditioning‐based models of cue‐reactivity phenomena are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 991

Current interpretations of the I-PACE model of behavioral addictions
Brand, M., Müller, A., Wegmann, E., Antons, S., Brandtner, A., Müller, S. M., Stark, R. M., Steins‐Loeber, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00020 · Cited by 224
“Cue-reactivity is a learned response observed in individuals with addictive disorders that is expressed as an emotional, motivational, and physiological reaction in response to the confrontation with conditioned, addiction-relevant stimuli (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Naltrexone's Effect on Cue‐Elicited Craving Among Alcoholics in Treatment
Monti, P. M., Rohsenow, D. J., Hutchison, K. E., Swift, R. M., Mueller, T. I., Colby, S. M., Brown, R. A., Gulliver, S. B., Gordon, A. A., & Abrams, D. B. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04361.x · Cited by 188
In Search of a Human Self-Regulation System
Kelley, W. M., Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2015) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014243 · Cited by 196
“Reward cue exposure increases the craving for, and consumption of, the substance (e.g., Carter & Tiffany 1999, Federoff et al. 1997, Harris et al. 2009, Lambert et al. 1991, Sayette et al. 2001).”
Background
Motivated attention to cocaine and emotional cues in abstinent and current cocaine users - an ERP study
Dunning, J. P., Parvaz, M. A., Hajcak, G., Maloney, T., Nelly Alia-klein, A., Woicik, P. A., Telang, F., Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07663.x · Cited by 182
“Drug-related compared with neutral stimuli elicit increases in physiological reactivity in drug-addicted individuals (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
A Current Understanding of the Behavioral Neuroscience of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder and Problematic Pornography Use
Stark, R. M., Klucken, T., Potenza, M. N., Brand, M., & Strahler, J. (2018) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-018-0162-9 · Cited by 193
Proximal versus distal cues to smoke: The effects of environments on smokers' cue-reactivity.
Conklin, C. A., Robin, N., Perkins, K. A., Salkeld, R. P., & McClernon, F. J. (2008) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.16.3.207 · Cited by 191
Cue-reactivity in behavioral addictions: a meta-analysis and methodological considerations
Starcke, K., Antons, S., Trotzke, P., & Brand, M. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.39 · Cited by 180
“In contrast to the meta-analysis by Carter and Tiffany (1999), studies on functional magnetic resonance imaging are also included here.”
BackgroundResult
Endocannabinoid influence in drug reinforcement, dependence and addiction-related behaviors
Serrano, A., & Parsons, L. H. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.005 · Cited by 188
Regulation of craving by cognitive strategies in cigarette smokers
Kober, H., Kross, E. F., Mischel, W., Hart, C. L., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.017 · Cited by 178
Behavioral economic analysis of cue‐elicited craving for alcohol
MacKillop, J. M., O'Hagen, S., Lisman, S. A., Murphy, J. G., Ray, L. A., Tidey, J. W., McGeary, J. E., & Monti, P. M. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03004.x · Cited by 183
“This is somewhat surprising, but is consistent with the larger literature, in which cueelicited effects other than craving vary considerably by sample [47].”
Result
Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime
Muraven, M., Pogarsky, G., & Shmueli‐Blumberg, D. (2006) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-006-9011-1 · Cited by 188
Learning to forget: manipulating extinction and reconsolidation processes to treat addiction
Torregrossa, M. M., & Taylor, J. R. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2750-9 · Cited by 172
“Environmental stimuli (cues) that are repeatedly associated with a drug are known to promote compulsive drug taking and craving and are a primary trigger of relapse (Carter and Tiffany 1999; Shalev et al. 2002; See 2002).”
Behavioral characteristics and neurobiological substrates shared by Pavlovian sign-tracking and drug abuse
Tomie, A., Grimes, K. L., & Pohorecky, L. A. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.12.003 · Cited by 176
“…in relapse to drug-taking is suggested by reports that alcohol drinking glassware provides cues eliciting alcohol-related physiological responses (Carter and Tiffany, 1999) and subjective cravings for alcohol (Cooney et al., 1983; Fox, 2007), and the persistence of these cue-elicited responses…”
Background
Ionotropic and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonism Attenuates Cue-Induced Cocaine Seeking
Bäckström, P., & Hyytiä, P. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300845 · Cited by 177
“Thereby, they can elicit craving and relapse in abstinent drug users, even after years of abstinence, and thus contribute to the compulsive nature of drug addiction (Carter and Tiffany, 1999).”
Relapse Prevention for Alcohol and Drug Problems.
Marlatt, G. A., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2005) · Cited by 196
Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors
Powell, J. E., Dawkins, L., West, R., Powell, J. F., & Pickering, A. D. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1975-8 · Cited by 181
“…including alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs do show attentional biases to drug-related cues (e.g. Weinstein & Cox, 2006) and respond to them with both increases in craving (e.g. Carter & Tiffany, 1999) and activation of mesocorticolimbic pathways and/or frontal cortex (e.g. Lingford-Hughes, 2005).”
Cue-elicited heart rate variability and attentional bias predict alcohol relapse following treatment
Garland, E. L., Franken, I. H. A., & Howard, M. O. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2618-4 · Cited by 170
“Two important candidate variables are alcohol cue-reactivity and alcohol attentional bias (Carter and Tiffany 1999; Fadardi and Cox 2006; Field and Cox 2008; Glautier and Drummond 1994; Stritzke et al. 2004; Townshend and Duka 2007).”
Influential
Individual variation in resisting temptation: Implications for addiction
Saunders, B. T., & Robinson, T. E. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.008 · Cited by 177
Anatomy and pharmacology of cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking
Schmidt, H. D., Anderson, S. M., Famous, K. R., Kumaresan, V., & Pierce, R. C. (2005) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.068 · Cited by 170
Striatal ups and downs: Their roles in vulnerability to addictions in humans
Leyton, M., & Vezina, P. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.018 · Cited by 165
“In substance abusers, exposure to stimulant drug associated cues elicits a wide range of subjective, behavioral and physiological responses (Carter and Tiffany, 1999; Childress et al., 1988; O’Brien et al., 1990).”
Ethanol-associated cues produce general pavlovian-instrumental transfer.
Corbit, L. H., & Janak, P. (2007) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00359.x · Cited by 172
Cue-Evoked Cocaine "Craving": Role of Dopamine in the Accumbens Core
Saunders, B. T., Yager, L. M., & Robinson, T. E. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0450-13.2013 · Cited by 155
“Drug cues are thought to promote craving and drug-seeking behavior in addicts by engaging mesocorticolimbic circuitry (Ehrman et al., 1992; Childress et al., 1999, 2008; Sinha, 2013), including dopamine systems.”
Background
A multi-dimensional analysis of cue-elicited craving in heavy smokers and tobacco chippers.
Sayette, M. A., Martin, C. S., Wertz, J. M., et al. (2001) · PubMed · doi:10.1080/09652140120075152 · Cited by 163
Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats
Xi, Z., Gilbert, J. G., Campos, A. C., Kline, N., Ashby, C. R., Hagan, J. J., Heidbreder, C. A., & Gardner, E. L. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1858-y · Cited by 163
“Relapse to drug taking behavior in abstinent addicts can be triggered by addictive drugs, stress, or drug-associated environmental cues (Carter and Tiffany 1999; Sinha et al. 1999).”
Background
The priming effect of alcohol pre-load on attentional bias to alcohol-related stimuli
Duka, T., & Townshend, J. M. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1906-7 · Cited by 162
“There is evidence that alcoholics presented with stimuli that are associated with alcohol consumption will express such conditioned responses (for review, see Carter and Tiffany 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Incubation of alcohol craving during abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence
Li, P., Wu, P., Xin, X., Fan, Y., Wang, G., Wang, F., Ma, M., Xue, M., Luo, Y., Yang, F., et al. (2014) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12140 · Cited by 164
Response to social stress, urge to smoke, and smoking cessation
NIAURA, R. S., Shadel, W. G., Britt, D. M., & Abrams, D. B. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00180-5 · Cited by 157
Development of pharmacotherapies for drug addiction: a Rosetta stone approach
Koob, G. F., Kenneth Lloyd, G., & Mason, B. J. (2009) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2828 · Cited by 154
Gender Differences in Craving and Cue Reactivity to Smoking and Negative Affect/Stress Cues
Saladin, M. E., Gray, K. M., Carpenter, M. J., LaRowe, S. D., DeSantis, S. M., & Upadhyaya, H. P. (2012) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00232.x · Cited by 157
Neural responses associated with cue‐reactivity in frequent cannabis users
Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00417.x · Cited by 160
Environments as cues to smoke: Implications for human extinction-based research and treatment.
Conklin, C. A. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.1.12 · Cited by 154
Translational research in medication development for nicotine dependence
Lerman, C. E., LeSage, M. G., Perkins, K. A., O’Malley, S. S., Siegel, S. J., Benowitz, N. L., & Corrigall, W. A. (2007) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2361 · Cited by 150
“Other cue-conditioned effects of drugs can be assessed using subjective and physiological responses to in vivo , imaginal or pictorial representations of drug-associated cues (see Ref”
Background
Measuring the emergence of tobacco dependence: the contribution of negative reinforcement models
Eissenberg, T. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00735.x · Cited by 159
Behavioral Economic Analysis of Withdrawal- and Cue-Elicited Craving for Tobacco: An Initial Investigation
MacKillop, J., Brown, C. L., Stojek, M. M., Murphy, C. M., Sweet, L. H., & NIAURA, R. S. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts006 · Cited by 149
Recent developments in animal models of drug relapse
Marchant, N. J., Li, X., & Shaham, Y. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.003 · Cited by 154
“underutilized relapse model that can be used to model the clinical scenarios of a ‘lapse leading to relapse’ and rapid resumption of drug use after cue exposure therapy [72].”
Modality-specific imagery reduces cravings for food: An application of the elaborated intrusion theory of desire to food craving.
Kemps, E., & Tiggemann, M. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.13.2.95 · Cited by 149
Cue exposure therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analytic review
Mellentin, A. I., Skøt, L., Nielsen, B., Schippers, G. M., Nielsen, A. S., Stenager, E., & Juhl, C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.07.006 · Cited by 149
“Although the purpose of Conklin and Tiffany's meta-analysis was not to disentangle the effects of CET on different drugs of choice and the authors therefore did not comment on drug-specific disorders, it is observable that the effects of CET targeting AUD are much more favorable than for other SUDs (Conklin & Tiffany,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Appetitive nature of drug cues confirmed with physiological measures in a model using pictures of smoking
Geier, A., Pauli, P., & Mucha, R. F. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000404 · Cited by 150
“Since drug cues tend to produce physiological arousal ( Carter and Tiffany 1999 ), it needs to be emphasized that arousal was specifically shown not to account for the modulation of ASR (Lang et al. 1990; Lang 1995; Witvliet and Vrana 1995).”
Background
Craving research: future directions
Drummond, C., Litten, R. Z., Lowman, C., & Hunt, W. A. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1080/09652140050111816 · Cited by 226
Does smoking cue‐induced craving tell us anything important about nicotine dependence?
Perkins, K. A. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02550.x · Cited by 146
Ibogaine: Complex Pharmacokinetics, Concerns for Safety, and Preliminary Efficacy Measures
Mash, D. C., Kovera, C. A., Pablo, J. P., Tyndale, R. F., ERVIN, F. D., WILLIAMS, I. C., Singleton, E. G., & MAYOR, M. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05213.x · Cited by 146
Is Fast Food Addictive?
K. Garber, A., & H. Lustig, R. (2011) · Current Drug Abuse Reviewse · doi:10.2174/1874473711104030146 · Cited by 143
“Cue-reactivity has been studied extensively in the addiction literature in relation to cravings and potential for relapse [170].”
Background
Conditioned effects of environmental stimuli paired with smoked cocaine in humans
Foltin, R. W., & Haney, M. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002139900340 · Cited by 142
“The present results confirm previous reports that a stimulus cue that predicts the absence of drug can also have conditioned effects (Niaura et al. 1988; Carter and Tiffany 1999).”
Result
Electrophysiological indices of biased cognitive processing of substance-related cues: A meta-analysis
Littel, M., Euser, A. S., Munafo, M. R., & Franken, I. H. A. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.001 · Cited by 145
Specificity of the failure to inhibit responses in overweight children
Nederkoorn, C., Coelho, J. S., Guerrieri, R., Houben, K., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.028 · Cited by 143
The Relationship Between Tobacco and Cannabis Use: A Review
Lemyre, A., Poliakova, N., & Bélanger, R. E. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1512623 · Cited by 144
“Indeed, it has long been recognized that substance-dependent individuals experience craving when exposed to drug-related stimuli (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
Modeling the effect of alcohol on smoking lapse behavior
McKee, S. A., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., Shi, J. M., Mase, T., & O’Malley, S. S. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0551-8 · Cited by 142
“…such as nicotine discrimination (Perkins et al. 1997; Perkins et al. 1999), nicotine reinforcement (Perkins et al. 2001), deprivation effects (Hatsukami et al. 1984), self-administration behavior (Hatsukami et al. 1998, 1997), and cue reactivity (see Carter and Tiffany (1999) for a review).”
Background
Visual cortex activation to drug cues: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging papers in addiction and substance abuse literature
Hanlon, C. A., Dowdle, L. T., Naselaris, T., Canterberry, M., & Cortese, B. M. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.028 · Cited by 137
“INTRODUCTION Drug cue-reactivity—the array of psychological, physiological, and behavioral effects elicited by drug-related stimuli—has been utilized for more than two decades in an attempt to understand drug craving and dependence (Rohsenow et al., 1991; Drummond, 2001; Carter and Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
Nicotine enhances responding with conditioned reinforcement
Olausson, P., Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1575-y · Cited by 145
“…subjective effects of drugs can enhance motivation to use a drug, and drugassociated stimuli both produce cue-induced craving (O’Brien et al. 1998; Carter and Tiffany 1999) and region-specific activation of cortico-limbic-striatal brain regions (Grant et al. 1996; Childress et al. 1999; Volkow…”
Background
Annual research review: on the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders
J. Conrod, P., & Nikolaou, K. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12516 · Cited by 137
“An extensive literature shows that drug-dependent individuals exhibit attentional biases to drug-related stimuli (Franken, 2003) which predicts drug craving and relapse (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating
Adams, R. C., Sedgmond, J., Maizey, L., Chambers, C., & Lawrence, N. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092086 · Cited by 158
Efficacy of acute administration of nicotine gum in relief of cue-provoked cigarette craving
Shiffman, S. S., Shadel, W. G., NIAURA, R. S., Khayrallah, M. A., Jorenby, D. E., Ryan, C. F., & Ferguson, C. L. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1338-1 · Cited by 140
“Laboratory paradigms have been developed to model the effect of naturally occurring temptations and craving episodes (Abrams et al. 1988; Niaura et al. 1992, 1998; Sayette and Hufford 1994; Carter and Tiffany 1999), and these may allow testing of the effect of acute NRT on craving”
BackgroundMethod
Cue reactivity and its relation to craving and relapse in alcohol dependence: a combined laboratory and field study
Witteman, J., Post, H., Tarvainen, M. P., de Bruijn, A., Perna, E. B. D. S. F., Ramaekers, J. G., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4027-6 · Cited by 151
“One explanation for this moderate relationship is that craving reflects cue reactivity of the reward system but also additional processes, such as the (verbal) interpretation of the physiological response (Rohsenow et al. 1994; Carter and Tiffany 1999; Drummond 2000).”
Background
The impact of cognitive impairment and impulsivity on relapse of alcohol-dependent patients: implications for psychotherapeutic treatment
Czapla, M., Simon, J. J., Richter, B., Kluge, M., Friederich, H., Herpertz, S., Mann, K. F., Herpertz, S. C., & Loeber, S. (2015) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12229 · Cited by 139
“…cue reactivity, a finding in addiction research describing © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction Addiction Biology, 21, 873–884 physiological changes and increase in craving for a substance, when addicted individuals are exposed to substance-related cues (Carter & Tiffany 1999; Drummond 2000).”
Background
How does food-cue exposure lead to larger meal sizes?
Ferriday, D., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508978296 · Cited by 139
The Impact of Marketing and Advertising on Food Behaviours: Evaluating the Evidence for a Causal Relationship
Norman, J. A., Kelly, B., Boyland, E. J., & McMahon, A. (2016) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-016-0166-6 · Cited by 139
The Role of Attentional Bias in Substance Abuse
Robbins, S. J., & Ehrman, R. N. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582305275423 · Cited by 147
Smoking, reward responsiveness, and response inhibition: tests of an incentive motivational model
Powell, J. E., Dawkins, L., & Davis, R. E. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01208-2 · Cited by 137
“Exposing addicts to drug-related stimuli elicits both subjective craving (e.g., Carter and Tiffany 1999) and activation of mesocorticolimbic structures (e.g., Childress et al 1999; Grant et al 1996; Volkow et al 1999).”
Background
Smoking Patterns and Stimulus Control in Intermittent and Daily Smokers
Shiffman, S., Dunbar, M. S., Li, X., Scholl, S. M., Tindle, H. A., Anderson, S. J., & Ferguson, S. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089911 · Cited by 136
“Such studies have documented responses to smoking cues not only in increased craving [25,38,39,40], but also in objectively-measured changes in brain activity [41,42,43,44].”
Background
Modulation of late positive potentials by sexual images in problem users and controls inconsistent with “porn addiction”
Prause, N., Steele, V. R., Staley, C., Sabatinelli, D., & Hajcak, G. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.005 · Cited by 136
Applying laboratory research: Drug anticipation and the treatment of drug addiction.
Siegel, S., & Ramos, B. M. C. (2002) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.10.3.162 · Cited by 170
Cue exposure in the treatment of alcohol dependence: Effects on drinking outcome, craving and self‐efficacy
Loeber, S., Croissant, B., Heinz, A., Mann, K. F., & Flor, H. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x82586 · Cited by 136
Region-specific effects of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 blockade on footshock-stress- or drug-priming-induced reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference in rats
Wang, J., Fang, Q., Liu, Z., & Lu, L. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0262-6 · Cited by 134
“In humans, relapse to heroin or cocaine use is often associated with exposure to the selfadministered drug (de Wit 1996; Meyer and Mirin 1979), drug-associated cues (Carter and Tiffany 1999; Childress et al. 1993), or environmental stressors (Sinha 2001).”
Self‐administration of cocaine, cannabis and heroin in the human laboratory: benefits and pitfalls
Haney, M. (2008) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00121.x · Cited by 134
“Stressful stimuli, exposure to cocaine-paired cues and cocaine administration increase cocaine craving (Jaffe et al. 1989; Ehrman et al. 1992; Carter & Tiffany 1999; Sinha et al. 1999), yet craving does not necessarily predict self-administration (Fischman et al. 1990; Dudish-Poulsen & Hatsukami…”
Background
Methamphetamine craving induced in an online virtual reality environment
Culbertson, C. S., Nicolas, S., Zaharovits, I., London, E. D., Garza, R. D. L., Brody, A. L., & Newton, T. F. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.07.005 · Cited by 136
“Traditionally, visual (photographs and videos), in vivo (drug and/or paraphernalia) and imagery (individualized drug scripts) cues have been used to elicit craving in the laboratory (Carter and Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
Mechanisms of Shared Vulnerability to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders
Maria-Rios, C. E., & Morrow, J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00006 · Cited by 164
“Cue reactivity to drug-related stimuli also predicts relapse in patients with SUD (Rohsenow et al., 1990; Carter and Tiffany, 1999; Janes et al., 2010).”
Background
A Goal-Based Model of Product Evaluation and Choice
van Osselaer, S. M. J., & Janiszewski, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/662643 · Cited by 149
Can’t stop the craving: The effect of impulsivity on cue-elicited craving for alcohol in heavy and light social drinkers
Papachristou, H., Nederkoorn, C., Havermans, R. C., van der Horst, M., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2240-5 · Cited by 134
“Although several theories have been proposed to explain cue reactivity, most evidence favours a positive incentive account (Carter and Tiffany 1999; Drummond 2000).”
Background
Serotonin at the nexus of impulsivity and cue reactivity in cocaine addiction
Cunningham, K. A., & Anastasio, N. C. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.030 · Cited by 131
“…stimuli without regard to the negative consequences (Moeller et al., 2001a), while cue reactivity is conceptualized as the sensitivity to cues linked with the drug-taking experience that are known to trigger craving in humans (Carter and Tiffany, 1999; O’Brien et al., 1988; O’Brien et al., 1998).”
Background
Lidocaine Inactivation of Ventral Subiculum Attenuates Cocaine-Seeking Behavior in Rats
Sun, W., & Rebec, G. V. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-32-10258.2003 · Cited by 130
“, 2000), conditioned stimuli (Childress et al., 1988, 1993; Carter and Tiffany, 1999), and re-exposure to drug (Jaffe et al.”
Background
Neural correlates of craving and resisting craving for tobacco in nicotine dependent smokers
Hartwell, K. J., Johnson, K. A., Li, X., Myrick, H., LeMatty, T., George, M. S., & Brady, K. T. (2011) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00340.x · Cited by 129
“These smoking-related cues readily elicit craving in both laboratory and naturalistic studies (Carter & Tiffany 1999; Warthen & Tiffany 2009).”
Background
How does stress lead to risk of alcohol relapse?
Sinha, R. (2012) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v34.4.07 · Cited by 148
The influence of sensitivity to reward on reactivity to alcohol-related cues.
Kambouropoulos, N., & Staiger, P. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.968117510.x · Cited by 140
A Framework for the Specificity of Addictions
Sussman, S., Leventhal, A., Bluthenthal, R. N., Freimuth, M., Forster, M., & Ames, S. L. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8083399 · Cited by 129
“object [6,61].”
Heavy drinking is associated with deficient response inhibition in women but not in men
Nederkoorn, C., Baltus, M., Guerrieri, R., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.015 · Cited by 139
“For example, alcohol-related stimuli elicit enhanced craving (Carter and Tiffany, 1999) and faster approach responses than control stimuli in alcoholics, compared to control participants (Field et al., 2008), as well as in heavy drinkers, especially when carrying a g-allele in the OPRM1 gene (Wiers…”
The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism influences reactivity to smoking cues.
Hutchison, K. E., LaChance, H., NIAURA, R. S., Bryan, A. D., & Smolen, A. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.1.134 · Cited by 134
“Although there has been some controversy over the definition of craving and its clinical relevance (see Sayette et al., 2000; Tiffany, 1990), numerous studies have indicated that exposure to smoking cues (e.g., the sight and smell of a lit cigarette) markedly increases craving for tobacco (see Carter & Tiffany, 1999;…”
Background
Gaming Increases Craving to Gaming-Related Stimuli in Individuals With Internet Gaming Disorder
Dong, G., Wang, L., Du, X., & Potenza, M. N. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.01.002 · Cited by 132
Marijuana withdrawal and craving: influence of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes
Haughey, H. M., Marshall, E. C., Schacht, J. P., Louis, A., & Hutchison, K. E. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02292.x · Cited by 126
Understanding the Effects of Stress and Alcohol Cues on Motivation for Alcohol via Behavioral Economics
Amlung, M. T., & MacKillop, J. M. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12423 · Cited by 124
“Thus, again, the putative mechanism of cue effects is subjective craving, and there is considerable support that drug cues elicit significant increases in craving (Carter and Tiffany, 1999).”
Background
Cue reactivity and its inhibition in pathological computer game players
Lorenz, R. C., Krüger, J., Neumann, B., Schott, B. H., Kaufmann, C., Heinz, A., & Wüstenberg, T. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00491.x · Cited by 125
“Moreover, these findings expand the concept of cue reactivity (Carter & Tiffany 1999) in PCGPs. Cue reactivity appears in this group to be faster and more ‘pre-reflexive’.”
Background
Pathological Buying Online as a Specific Form of Internet Addiction: A Model-Based Experimental Investigation
Trotzke, P., Starcke, K., Müller, A., & Brand, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140296 · Cited by 129
“, heart rate, skin conductance, or skin temperature) towards addiction-related cues [37,38].”
Background
Avoidance of alcohol-related stimuli in alcohol-dependent inpatients.
Townshend, J. M., & Duka, T. (2007) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00429.x · Cited by 140
Assessment of Substance Cue Reactivity: Advances in Reliability, Specificity, and Validity.
Stritzke, W. G. K., Breiner, M. J., Curtin, J. J., & Lang, A. R. (2004) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.18.2.148 · Cited by 124
The effects of alcohol on cigarette craving in heavy smokers and tobacco chippers.
Sayette, M. A., Martin, C. S., Wertz, J. M., Perrott, M. A., & Peters, A. (2005) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.19.3.263 · Cited by 126
“It has been suggested that drug-cue-specific urge is best assessed by contrasting urge during drug cue exposure with urge during a control cue exposure (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Applying laboratory research: Drug anticipation and the treatment of drug addiction.
Siegel, S., & Ramos, B. M. C. (2002) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.10.3.162 · Cited by 123
Extending the Role of Associative Learning Processes in Nicotine Addiction
Bevins, R. A., & Palmatier, M. I. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304272005 · Cited by 123
“…of drug dependence refl ect the translation of laboratory research and theory in Pavlovian conditioning into drug abuse intervention techniques (Carter & Tiff any, 1999; Dadds, Bovb- jerg, Redd, & Cutmore, 1997; Niaura et al., 1999; O’Brien, Childress, McLellan, & Ehrman, 1992; Siegel & Ramos,…”
Cognitive Processes in Alcohol Binges: A Review and Research Agenda
Field, M., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2008) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473710801030263 · Cited by 121
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediate the dopamine activating and reinforcing properties of ethanol cues
Löf, E., Olausson, P., de Bejczy, A., Stomberg, R., Mcintosh, J., Taylor, J., & Söderpalm, B. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0899-4 · Cited by 126
“In alcoholics, alcohol-associated stimuli can elicit craving (Spanagel and Zieglgansberger 1997; Carter and Tiffany 1999) and precipitate relapse (Niaura et al.”
Cognitive and social learning models of drug dependence: implications for the assessment of tobacco dependence in adolescents
Brandon, T. H., Herzog, T. A., Irvin, J. E., & Gwaltney, C. J. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00737.x · Cited by 119
Smoker reactivity to cues: Effects on craving and on smoking behavior.
Shiffman, S. S., Dunbar, M. S., Kirchner, T., Li, X., Tindle, H. A., Anderson, S., & Scholl, S. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028339 · Cited by 119
“…a wider range of smoking behavior than is usually seen in reactivity studies: whereas most reactivity studies were done on relatively heavy smokers (Carter & Tiffany, 1999), the subjects in our study smoked as little as five CPD, and their average smoking rate approximated the national average…”
Comparison of a smartphone app for alcohol use disorders with an Internet-based intervention plus bibliotherapy: a pilot study
Gonzalez, V. M., & Dulin, P. L. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038620 · Cited by 118
Does reducing withdrawal severity mediate nicotine patch efficacy? A randomized clinical trial.
Ferguson, S. G., Shiffman, S., & Gwaltney, C. J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1153 · Cited by 117
Craving and substance use among patients with alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or heroin addiction: a comparison of substance- and person-specific cues
Fatseas, M., Serre, F., Alexandre, J., Debrabant, R., Auriacombe, M., & Swendsen, J. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12882 · Cited by 117
The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism influences reactivity to smoking cues.
Hutchison, K. E., LaChance, H., NIAURA, R. S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.1.134 · Cited by 116
Effects of Topiramate on Urge to Drink and the Subjective Effects of Alcohol: A Preliminary Laboratory Study
Miranda, R., MacKillop, J. M., Monti, P. M., Rohsenow, D. J., Tidey, J. W., Gwaltney, C. J., Swift, R. M., Ray, L. A., & McGeary, J. E. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00592.x · Cited by 115
“Indeed, the cue reactivity paradigm has demonstrated substantial utility in eliciting urge to drink (e.g., Monti et al., 1987; for a review, see Carter and Tiffany, 1999 ) and reactivity to alcohol cues has been shown to predict treatment outcome (Monti et al., 2000).”
Background
Smoking cues in a virtual world provoke craving in cigarette smokers.
Baumann, S. B., & Sayette, M. (2006) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.4.484 · Cited by 132
A preliminary report on the use of virtual reality technology to elicit craving and cue reactivity in cocaine dependent individuals
Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Graap, K. M., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.004 · Cited by 114
Attentional orienting towards smoking-related stimuli
Hogarth, L., Mogg, K., Bradley, B., Duka, T., & Dickinson, A. (2003) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200303000-00007 · Cited by 127
Assessing craving for alcohol.
Drobes, D. J., & Thomas, S. E. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 116
Habitual Alcohol Seeking: Neural Bases and Possible Relations to Alcohol Use Disorders
Corbit, L. H., & Janak, P. H. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13094 · Cited by 110
“…craving, alcohol should be highly valued; the dissociation of habitual behavior from value suggests is unlikely that habitual behaviors are associated with craving, and acamprosate may not be effective for altering habits, which could relate to its modest efficacy (Carter & Tiffany, 1999).”
Background

Authors: Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T.
Affiliations: Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 94
Issue: 3
Pages: 327-340
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x
OpenAlex: W1988132969
Cited by: 1,638
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 85 · 2014: 90 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 97
FWCI: 16.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1159 d)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2r01da004050-09a2)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA04050)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Keywords: cue reactivity, drug craving, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, cocaine dependence, heroin addiction, physiological responses, heart rate, sweat gland activity, skin temperature
MeSH terms: Adult, Cues, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Research, Skin Temperature, Sweating, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Substance-Related Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Meta‐analysis of cue‐reactivity in addiction research

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks