Cited by 350Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and Cessation

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Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence.

Budney, Alan J., Novy, Pamela L., Hughes, John R.·1999·Addiction

DOI 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913114.x

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Abstract

AIMS: The clinical relevance of marijuana withdrawal has not been established. This study is the first to document the incidence and severity of perceived marijuana withdrawal symptoms in a clinical sample of marijuana-dependent adults. MEASUREMENTS: Fifty-four people seeking outpatient treatment for marijuana dependence completed a 22-item Marijuana Withdrawal Symptom checklist based on their most recent period of marijuana abstinence. FINDINGS: The majority (57%) indicated that they had experienced > or = six symptoms of at least moderate severity and 47% experienced > or = four symptoms rated as severe. Withdrawal severity was greater in those with psychiatric symptomatology and more frequent marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further support for a cluster of withdrawal symptoms experienced following cessation of regular marijuana use. The affective and behavioral symptoms reported were consistent with those observed in previous laboratory and interview studies. Since withdrawal symptoms are frequently a target for clinical intervention with other substances of abuse, this may also be appropriate for marijuana.

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Method
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Retracted
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Background
An exploratory study of cannabis withdrawal among Indigenous Australian prison inmates: study protocol
Rogerson, B., Copeland, J., Buttner, P. G., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002951 · Cited by 8
“Of particular clinical importance, withdrawal contributes to difficulties abstaining from cannabis(5) and increases the likelihood of relapse in order to relieve withdrawal distress.(6) 7 The proposed DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal syndrome criteria are informed by studies conducted mainly in treatmentseeking groups and ad…”
Background
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Method
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Influential
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Influential
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“In controlled abstinence studies, up to half of treatment-seeking cannabis users report severe withdrawal symptoms (Budney et al., 1999).”
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“…disorders, risky sexual behavior and aggressive behavior during withdrawal (Arseneault et al., 2002; Boyer et al., 1999; Brook et al., 2002; Budney et al., 1999; Fergusson, Horwood, & Swain-Campbell, 2002; Fried, 2002; Galif et al., 2001; Gfroerer, Wu, & Penne, 2002; Gorman & Derson,…”
Background
Human Laboratory Models of Cannabis Use Disorder
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Can tobacco dependence provide insights into other drug addictions?
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Self-citation
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“37 As widely discussed in the network analysis literature, central symptoms may represent relevant targets with a prognostic utility for intervention efforts.”
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“Se utilizó una escala validada denominada WDS (Withdrawal discomfort score) que pertenece a los 10 síntomas de aparición más habitual del cuestionario MWC (Marihuana Withdrawal Checklist) ( Budney et al 1999).”
Background
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“Scores were then re-collapsed to the four-point scale with 0 (not at all), 1–3 (mild), 4–6 (moderate), to 7–9 (severe) to enable comparisons with existing literature (Budney et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Marijuana and Cannabinoid Research
Emmanuel, O. S. (2005) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1592599990 · Cited by 3
Cannabis
Jager, G. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3375-0_11 · Cited by 3
Cannabis
Hämmig, R., Preuss, U. W., & Soyka, M. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23021-9.00009-6 · Cited by 3
Psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis abuse and/or dependence in outpatient settings
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Retracted
Cannabis Use Patterns and Blood Profiles in Adolescent Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
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Effectiveness and clinical predictors of a virtual based combined cognitive behavioral and motivational enhancement group therapy for adults with cannabis use disorder
Mehta, D. D., Goud, R., Sanches, M., Buckley, L. B., Sloan, M. E., Vandervoort, J., Foll, B. L., Beyraghi, N., Kaduri, P., Zawertailo, L. A., et al. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113048 · Cited by 2
Driving by frequent cannabis users ‘the morning after’ last use of smoked cannabis: an observational driving simulator study
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Poluga, C., Dheda, S. S., Boachie, N., McCluskey, T., Narciso, L., Zilberman, M., Cote, C., Huestis, M. A., Tyndale, R. F., Kloiber, S. M., et al. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02438-7 · Cited by 2
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Cannabis Use Disorder
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Ramesh, D. (2012) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/xdwb-4257 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, only a subset of regular marijuana users experience a clustering of symptoms upon cessation of use, with reports of frequency ranging from 1/6 up to 1/2 (Wiesbeck et al., 1996; Budney et al., 1999).”
Background
Do I smell pot? A trial of an alternative paradigm of olfactory cue-reactance to marijuana
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Distress Intolerance and Cannabis Use: An Initial Empirical Investigation
Hogan, J. (2015) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont) · Cited by 2
Can marijuana use lead to marijuana dependence?
Budney, A. J., & Wiley, J. L. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10441-008 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Clinical Manifestations of Cannabis Use Disorder
Budney, A. J., Borodovsky, J. T., & Knapp, A. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90365-1_10 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Sensory gating in tobacco-naïve cannabis users is unaffected by acute nicotine administration
Francis, A. M., Parks, A., Choueiry, J., El-Marj, N., Impey, D., Knott, V., & Fisher, D. J. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05843-6 · Cited by 2
“TheMarijuanaWithdrawal Checklist (Budney et al. 1999) is a 22-item scale that measures symptoms of marijuana withdrawal after a period of abstinence.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cannabis Withdrawal
Schlienz, N. J., & Vandrey, R. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90365-1_11 · Cited by 3
A recovery-oriented critical interpretive synthesis of withdrawal tools in the Journal of Substance Use
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“, 2016 ● Cannabis withdrawal symptoms (APA, 2010) Rogerson & Jacups, 2016 ● Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist (Budney et al., 1999) Sheridan et al.”
Cannabinoids - Recent Perspectives and Applications in Human Health
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Exploratory Growth Mixture Modeling of Cannabis-Withdrawal Syndrome Trajectories of Adult Pure Cannabis Dependents During Detoxification: Two Subtypes?
Claus, B. B., Scherbaum, N., Specka, M., Roser, P., & Bonnet, U. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2229830 · Cited by 2
“…symptoms (craving for cannabis, irritability, nervousness/anxiety, restlessness/tension, depression, anger/aggression, sleeplessness, strange dreams, loss of appetite, headache) which are rated on a 4-point scale (0 = not at all, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = heavy) (Budney, Novy, and Hughes 1999).”
Drogenabhängigkeit (ICD-10 F1)
Gouzoulis‐Mayfrank, E., & Scherbaum, N. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24900-6.50007-1 · Cited by 2
Development of the Thai Cannabis Risky Use Screening Test
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Brain reward function in young people with cannabis use disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Skumlien, M., Greenwood, L., Arun, A. H., Goodwin, I., Paloubis, A., Rana, T. T., Quinones‐Valera, M., McTavish, E., Abbott, G., Dunsford, S., et al. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70492 · Cited by 1
Psychopharmacology of Violence
Kruesi, M. J. P. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816840.033 · Cited by 1
Cannabis withdrawal in chronic, frequent cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence within a closed residential environment
Lee, D., Schroeder, J. R., Karschner, E. L., et al. (2013) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12088.x · Cited by 1
Cannabinoids
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012419239-3/50044-8 · Cited by 1
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cannabis Use Characteristics among Military Veterans with Cannabis Dependence
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Impact of early-life lead exposure on adult delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol sensitivity in male and female C57BL6/J mice
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Cannabis cravings predict cigarette use in schizophrenia: a secondary analysis from two cannabis abstinence studies
Johnstone, S., Sorkhou, M., Zhang, M., Dermody, S. S., Rabin, R. A., & George, T. P. (2024) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2292010 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, cannabis craving and withdrawal was assessed weekly with the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ; 26), and the Marijuana Withdrawal Symptom Checklist (MWS; 35), respectively.”
Method
The Relationship Between Brain Activity and Craving Among Individuals With Cannabis Use Disorder
Zafarghandi, M. B. S., Vahed, N., Arezoomandan, R., & Pirmoradi, M. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.29.3.4661.1 · Cited by 1
Cannabinoids to Treat Cannabis Use Disorders
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Monitoring the impact of Cannabis Use
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Authors: Budney, A. J., Novy, P. L., & Hughes, J. R.
Affiliations: University of Vermont (US)
ORCID: Budney, Alan J.
Hughes, John R.
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-09
Volume: 94
Issue: 9
Pages: 1311-1322
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
1360-0443
DOI: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913114.x
OpenAlex: W2119758521
Cited by: 348
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 3.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 975 d)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29da008655-05)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R-29DA08655)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords: cannabis use disorder, withdrawal symptom severity, psychiatric comorbidity, addiction treatment, cannabis
MeSH terms: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Marijuana Abuse, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Regression Analysis, Stress, Psychological, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

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Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence.

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