Is calculating pack‐years retrospectively a valid method to estimate life‐time tobacco smoking? A comparison between prospectively calculated pack‐years and retrospectively calculated pack‐years
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Aims. To investigate the relative validity of retrospectively calculated pack‐years (py‐retro) by comparing py‐retro with prospectively calculated pack‐years (py‐pro). Design. A 23‐year ongoing cohort study (1977‐2000). Participants. One hundred and fifty‐four males and females, 13 years old in 1977 and 36 years old in 2000. Setting. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Measurements. To calculate py‐pro, current smoking and quitting efforts were investigated nine times in a period of 23 years with the help of an interview or a questionnaire. At the age of 36, subjects filled out a comprehensive questionnaire about their smoking history, to calculate py‐retro. Individual differences between py‐pro and py‐retro were calculated. In addition, Cohen's kappa was calculated after categorising py‐pro and py‐retro into three groups. Findings. (1) Py‐retro does not under‐ or overestimate life‐time tobacco smoking. (2) The relative validity of py‐retro was moderate due to large individual differences between py‐pro and py‐retro. (3) The individual differences between py‐pro and py‐retro became larger, the higher the number of pack‐years. (4) Mean difference (and 95% limits of agreement) between py‐pro and py‐retro was ‐0.039 (‐5.23, 5.32) when average pack‐years was <5.2 and ‐1.17 (‐10.00, 14.65) when pack‐years ≥5.2. 5. Cohen's kappa between categorized py‐pro and py‐retro was 0.79. Conclusions. Future researchers in the field of smoking should be aware of the moderate relative validity of py‐retro. Categorizing py‐retro into smoking groups results in a misclassification error that is smaller than the quantitative error in continuous py‐retro, but goes together with a loss of information.
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Categorizing retrospectively calculated pack-years helps reduce potential misclassification biases.
“It is believed that categorizing retrospectively calculated pack-years helps reduce potential misclassification biases. 23,39”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Bernaards, C. M., Twisk, J. W. R., Snel, J., Van Mechelen, W., & Kemper, H. C. G.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1653-1661
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W2119732918
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Health~Holland
- Heineken
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- pack-years, measurement validity, smoking cessation, misclassification
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Mathematics, Netherlands, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Smoking, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Smoking Cessation, Statistics, Nonparametric
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