Evaluation of the effects of cigarette smoking on testosterone levels in adult men
Abstract
Introduction: Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among men. Many studies have evaluated the effect of cigarette smoking on levels of male reproductive hormones; however, the findings still remain controversial. Aim: To evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on serum levels of total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), bioavailable testosterone (BT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Methods: A total of 255 men (90 smokers and 165 nonsmokers), aged 30 to 70 years, were investigated. Weight and height were obtained and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Also, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured and waist-to-hip ratio was obtained. Fasting blood samples were drawn for determination of plasmatic glucose levels and serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides, albumin, prolactin, TT, SHBG, LH, and FSH. The values of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were determined by Friedwald equation and the values of FT and BT were calculated from TT, SHBG, and albumin. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Main Outcome Measures: The influence of smoking on levels of TT, FT, and BT. Results: No significant difference was observed in the mean values of TT (P = 0.580), FT (P = 0.869), BT (P = 0.933), SHBG (P = 0.279), LH (P = 0.573), and FSH (P = 0.693) in the different levels of pack-years when compared to nonsmokers. Moreover, after multivariate logistic regression, no association between increased pack-years of smoking and increased odds ratio for occurrence of low hormones and SHBG levels was observed. Conclusion: In this study, smokers and nonsmokers had similar mean values of androgens, gonadotropins and SHBG. However, it is necessary to standardize pack-years of smoking in order to elucidate the influence of cigarette smoking on sex hormone levels, as well as to minimize differences among studies and to confirm our results.
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Numerous studies have examined the impact of smoking on male reproductive hormone levels, yielding conflicting results.
“Numerous studies have examined the impact of smoking on male reproductive hormone levels, yielding conflicting results.”
From Association between serum cotinine and total testosterone in adult males based on NHANES 2011–2016 (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
Categorizing retrospectively calculated pack-years helps reduce potential misclassification biases.
“It is believed that categorizing retrospectively calculated pack-years helps reduce potential misclassification biases. 23,39”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
The reported effects of smoking on testosterone levels in men are controversial, with some evidence suggesting no association and others reporting higher or lower total testosterone levels among smokers compared to nonsmokers.
“However, the reported effects of smoking on testosterone levels in men are controversial, with some evidence even suggesting no association 15,19-24 and others reporting higher 13,14,25-32 or lower 33,34 levels of TT among smokers compared to nonsmokers.”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
One study of eight healthy males assessed on two separate days found a 32% absolute variation in reported testosterone results.
“One study of eight healthy males undergoing T assessments on two separate days noted a 32% absolute variation in reported results”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [65]
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- Authors
- Halmenschlager, G., Rossetto, S., Lara, G. M., & Rhoden, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (BR)
- Universidade Feevale (BR)
- Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) , Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil
- Corresponding author
- Halmenschlager, Graziele
- ORCID
- Lara, Gustavo Müller
- Venue
- The Journal of Sexual Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1763-1772
- ISSN
- 1743-6095 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-6109
- OpenAlex
- W2052605813
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Sexual Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, gonadotropins, androgens, pack-years, male reproductive hormones, men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Humans, Erectile Dysfunction, Luteinizing Hormone, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Smoking, Testosterone, Prevalence
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