Carbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention during creatine feeding in humans
Abstract
Blood and urine samples were obtained from four groups of healthy male subjects (A–D, total n=22) before, during and after ingesting the following: group A, 5 g of creatine in solution; groups B and C, 5 g of creatine and 93 g of simple carbohydrate in solution; group D, a creatine‐ and carbohydrate‐free solution. Subjects ingested the above preparations every 4 h for the remainder of the day and throughout the next day (total daily creatine dose=20 g), and reported back to the laboratory on day 3 to undergo the same procedures as on day 1. Throughout this time, subjects weighed and recorded all dietary intake, and those in groups B and C ingested a prescribed isoenergetic high carbohydrate diet. Subjects in group C also performed 1 h of cycling exercise at 70% of their maximal oxygen consumption on the morning of each day. On both days 1 and 3, peak plasma creatine concentration, the area under the plasma creatine concentration/time curve and urinary creatine concentration were lower in groups B and C than in group A. Conversely, serum insulin concentration was higher in groups B and C than in A. No differences were evident when comparing groups B and C. These data suggest carbohydrate ingestion augmented creatine retention during creatine feeding and that creatine retention was not further increased when exercise was performed prior to ingestion.
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Co-ingesting CrM with carbohydrates and carbohydrate and protein promotes more consistent and greater creatine retention.
“Co-ingesting CrM with carbohydrates [20,21,22] and carbohydrate and protein [23] promotes more consistent and greater creatine retention.”
From Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- GREEN, A. L., SIMPSON, E. J., LITTLEWOOD, J. J., MACDONALD, I. A., & GREENHAFF, P. L.
- Affiliations
- Queen's Medical Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- GREEN, A. L.
- GREENHAFF, P. L.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 195-202
- ISSN
- 0001-6772 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-201X
- OpenAlex
- W2160066898
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- creatine supplementation, carbohydrate intake, plasma creatine, urinary creatine, serum insulin, physical activity, high-carbohydrate diet
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Creatine, Dietary Carbohydrates, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Insulin, Male, Exercise
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