Allergenic proteins are fragmented in low concentrations of sodium hypochlorite
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: To facilitate allergen removal from indoor environments, it would be helpful to have household cleaning products that modified allergenic activity. Because NaOCl dissolves proteins in high concentrations and is both capable of killing bacteria and viruses and inactivating viral antigens at somewhat lower concentrations, we explored its effects on Mus m 1 and other indoor allergens. OBJECTIVE: To examine the ability of NaOCl to reduce the allergenicity of Mus m 1 and other indoor allergens. METHODS: Using purified mouse urinary allergen, we examined the effect on protein measured by Coomassie protein assay and on Mus m 1 measured by ELISA. We also examined the effects using SDS/PAGE and Western blots probed with sheep anti-Mus m 1 and with allergic human serum. RESULTS: When NaOCl and Mus m 1 were combined in a molar ratio of 100 : 1, IgE binding to Mus m 1 on Western blot was significantly reduced. At higher NaOCl concentrations the protein appeared to fragment and eventually became undetectable. Fragmentation appeared to be random in that peptides of a wide range of apparent molecular weight were produced. The reaction was complete within 1-2 min at OCl : pr ratios of greater than 200 : 1 and was optimal at pH 7.4. Immunological activity of other allergens (Fel d 1, Bla g 1, Der p 1) was decreased in vitro and dried allergen extracts were removed from surfaces. Adding an extraneous protein, BSA, to NaOCl:Mus m 1 solutions decreased the effect of NaOCl on the allergen. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that NaOCl at concentrations commonly used in household products is capable of dramatically affecting allergenic protein.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bleach can denature allergens.
“Although it can have adverse environmental health effects, we used a dilute solution of bleach because of widespread concern of bacterial contamination and evidence that it could denature allergens (Chen and Eggleston 2001; Matsui et al. 2003) and possibly inactivate mycotoxins (Wilson et al. 2004).”
From Mold and Endotoxin Levels in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: A Pilot Project of Homes in New Orleans Undergoing Renovation (2006) · cites this paper as Chen and Eggleston 2001
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4
LAEMMLI, U. K. (1970) · Nature · doi:10.1038/227680a0 · Cited by 249,961 · see citing works
Standard methods: For the examination of water and waste water
Water Environment Federation., Water Pollution Control Federation., American Water Works Association., & American Public Health Association. (1990) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(90)90598-4 · Cited by 72,107 · see citing works
Cleavage of structural proteins during the assemble of the head of bacterio-phage T4
Laemmli, U. K. (1970) · Nature · Cited by 5,673 · see citing works
Hawkins, C. L., & Davies, M. J. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3320617 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
The effect of cat removal on allergen content in household-dust samples
Wood, R. A., Chapman, M. D., Adkinson, N. F., & Eggleston, P. A. (1989) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(89)90006-7 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationMcDonald, L. G., & Tovey, E. R. (1992) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(92)90132-l · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Oxidative damage to fibronectin
Vissers, M. C. M., & Winterbourn, C. C. (1991) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(91)90327-f · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Chlorination studies II. The reaction of aqueous hypochlorous acid with α-amino acids and dipeptides
Pereira, W. E., Hoyano, Y., Summons, R. E., Bacon, V. A., & Duffield, A. M. (1973) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(73)90198-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Aqueous chemistry of N-halo-compounds
Armesto, X. L., Canle, M., García, M. V., & Santaballa, J. A. (1998) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/a827453z · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Removal of cockroach allergen from inner-city homes
Eggleston, P. A., Wood, R. A., Rand, C., Nixon, W. J., Chen, P. H., & Lukk, P. (1999) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70296-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationDistribution of airborne mouse allergen in a major mouse breeding facility.
Ohman, J. L., Hagberg, K., Macdonald, M., Jones, R. R., Paigen, B., & Kacergis, J. B. (1994) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90147-3 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Woodfolk, J., Hayden, M. L., Couture, N., & Platts-Mills, T. A. E. (1995) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70051-x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Chloramines V: Products and Implications of the Chlorination of Lysine in Municipal Wastewaters
Conyers, B., & Scully, F. E. (1997) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es960534t · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Short-Term Effects of Extermination and Cleaning on Cockroach Allergen Bla g 2 in Settled Dust
Sarpong, S. B., Wood, R. A., & Eggleston, P. A. (1996) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63437-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSehulster, L. M., Hollinger, F. B., Dreesman, G. R., et al. (1981) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.42.5.762-767.1981 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Immunoglobulin cleavage by hypochlorous acid treatment
Drożdż, R., Guevara, I., & Naskalski, J. W. (1995) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(95)06048-i · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Longbottom JL. Purification and characterization of allergens from the urines of mice and rats. In: Oehling A, Glazer I, Mathov P, Arbesman P, eds. Advances in Allergology and Applied Immunology. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980:483.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood
Bernard, A., Carbonnelle, S., de Burbure, C., Michel, O., & Nickmilder, M. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8461 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Cockroach allergen biology and mitigation in the indoor environment
Gore, J. C., & Schal, C. (2007) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091313 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Chew, G. L., Wilson, J., Rabito, F. A., Grimsley, F., Iqbal, S., Reponen, T., Muilenberg, M. L., Thorne, P. S., Dearborn, D. G., & Morley, R. L. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9258 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The low prevalence of culturable Cladosporium contrasts with the high prevalence, as determined by microscopy and PCR. Cladosporium is one of the most common fungal taxa recovered indoors and outdoors throughout the world (Chew et al. 2001, 2003; IOM 2004; Levetin 1995; Su et al. 2001).”
BackgroundCockroach allergen abatement with extermination and sodium hypochlorite cleaning in inner-city homes
Wood, R. A., Eggleston, P. A., Rand, C., Nixon, W. J., & Kanchanaraksa, S. (2001) · Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62324-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationAllergic potency of recombinant Fel d 1 is reduced by low concentrations of chlorine bleach
Matsui, E., Kagey-Sobotka, A., Chichester, K., & Eggleston, P. A. (2003) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2003.11 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Chen, P., & Eggleston, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eggleston, P. A.
- ORCID
- Chen, P.
- Venue
- Clinical & Experimental Allergy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1086-1093
- ISSN
- 0954-7894 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2054287592
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical & Experimental Allergy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Clorox Company
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P01ES009601, ES 07527, ES09601)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational exposure and asthma
- Keywords
- sodium hypochlorite, allergen inactivation, protein fragmentation, Mus m 1, indoor allergens, IgE binding, household cleaning products, Fel d 1, Bla g 1, Der p 1
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Animals, Chlorine, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Glycoproteins, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Peptide Fragments, Proteins, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Sodium Hypochlorite, Antigens, Dermatophagoides, Mice, Antigens, Plant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
