Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence
Abstract
Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence¶ The validity of studies using translated instruments may be questioned when there is a lack of attention to and/or minimal explanation of the procedures used for determining the equivalence between the primary and secondary language tool. Ensuring equivalence of a translated Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire is an important prerequisite for identifying culturally specific expressions of concepts under investigation and for cross‐cultural comparisons. This paper examines the principles and procedures for determining equivalence of translated tools and their application to the development of an equivalent Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Translation and back‐translation were used to develop a Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Bilingual university students completed both versions of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Most of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire items had an acceptable Kappa openface> 0·4. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated moderate to high levels of equivalence for total scores and all scales. Improvement in the translation of some items is needed to further enhance the equivalence of the Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire.
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The translation of SNAIL items followed international recommendations for translating psychological measurement instruments.
“To ensure a valid and systematic translation of the SNAIL items, we followed the international recommendations for translating psychological measurement instruments wherever possible [31-33].”
From Evaluating AI Courses: A Valid and Reliable Instrument for Assessing Artificial-Intelligence Learning through Comparative Self-Assessment (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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“In future studies, the author suggests that the following steps should be taken (Brislin, 1970; McDermott and Palchanes, 1994; Temple, 1997; Chang et al., 1999):”
BackgroundDay, S. J., & Buis, A. W. P. (2012) · Prosthetics and Orthotics International · doi:10.1177/0309364611433442 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Perceived Accent Discrimination: Psychosocial Consequences and Perceived Legitimacy
Freynet, N., & Clément, R. (2019) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x19865775 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fung, S.-F., & Fung, A. L. C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228287 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Does Being Bilingual in English and Chinese Influence Responses to Quality-of-Life Scales?
Thumboo, J., Fong, K., Machin, D., Chan, S., Soh, C.-H., Leong, K., Feng, P., Thio, S.-T., & Boey, M. (2002) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200202000-00005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Baş, A. U., & Siyez, D. M. (2010) · İlköğretim Online · doi:10.17051/io.80998 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Psychometric testing of the Chinese evidence‐based practice scales
Wang, S., Lee, L. L., Wang, W., Sung, H., Chang, H., Hsu, M., Chang, S., & Tai, C. (2012) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06011.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Psychometric Evaluation and Development of a Chinese Adaptation
Jin, J., & Fung, S.-F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010921 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Muhwezi, W. W., Okello, E. S., & Turiho, A. K. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wang, W., López, V., & Thompson, D. R. (2006) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-006-0065-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The CM-SF-36 has been translated from original English version through a rigorous scientific process of forward and backward translations [10].”
InfluentialGoicolea, I., Christianson, M., Hurtig, A., Marchal, B., Sebastiån, M. S., & Wiklund, M. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1570-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The impact of individual factors on healthcare staff's computer use in psychiatric hospitals
Koivunen, M. H., Valimaki, M. A., Koskinen, A., Staggers, N., & Katajisto, J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02119.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Adaptação e validação do instrumento "Positions on nursing diagnosis" para a língua portuguesa
da Cruz, D. D. A. L. M., Hayashi, A. A. M., Oliva, A. P. V., & Corrêa, C. G. (2006) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/s0034-71672006000200008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lisøy, C., Neumer, S., Waaktaar, T., Ingul, J. M., Holen, S., & Martinsen, K. D. (2022) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1935 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Social rehabilitation in long‐term conditions: learning about the process
Portillo, M. C., & Cowley, S. A. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05600.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yang, L., Sin, K. F., & Savickas, M. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1030218 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Debb, S. M., Arnold, B. J., Pérez, B. Y. C., & Cella, D. F. (2010) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1698 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Amer, H. S. A., Alanazi, F., Eldesoky, M., & Honin, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231382 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
RetractedDu, J., Jiang, Y., Lloyd, C. E., Sartorius, N., Ren, J., Zhao, W., Wei, J., & Hong, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05381-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The WHO-5-C experienced translation and back-translation procedures by two individual translators and was further convinced in two pilot studies, reporting no difficulty in understanding the questions [24].”
MethodWallace, D. D., Barrington, C., Albrecht, S. S., Gottfredson, N. C., Carter‐Edwards, L., & Lytle, L. A. (2021) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2021.1880549 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lin, I., Tsai, Y., Peper, E., & Yen, C. (2013) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.12020 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The Chinese version of the MDQ has an acceptable internal consistency and intercycle stability.(29) In this study, the internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s a) of MDQ was 0.”
BackgroundReliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Worry Scale
Shiu, A. T., & Wong, R. Y. (2004) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2004.21308.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Alboliteeh, M. (2015) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lim, S. H., He, H. G., & Chan, S. W. (2016) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000411 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Establishing equivalence between the original and target language version will minimize any bias toward a particular culture or nation.(24) Demonstrating psychometric adequacy of the target language aims to provide an adequate reliability and validity in the measurement of a particular phenomenon of interest.”
BackgroundGerman Translation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale for Children and Adolescents
Lang, J., & Schmitz, B. (2019) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282919849361 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Duc, N. T. M., Dila, K. A. S., Nguyen, D. H., Eltaybani, S., Singal, A. G., Siddiqui, A. R., Piault‐Louis, E., Fradelos, Ε. C., Ansar, F., Maselli, F., et al. (2025) · Tropical Medicine and Health · doi:10.1186/s41182-025-00798-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…been outlined in several established works, including (i) the need for a translation team; (ii) the identification of the target audience and objectives; (iii) the actual translation process itself, sometimes called forward translation [4], and (iv) the final proofreading and validation [3, 5–7].”
Evidence-based policing and police receptivity to research: evidence from Taiwan
Lin, K.-H., Sidebottom, A., & Wortley, R. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2022-0050 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Adapting health behavior measurement tools for cross-cultural use
Vreeman, R., McHenry, M. S., & Nyandiko, W. M. (2013) · Journal of Integrative Psychology and Therapeutics · doi:10.7243/2054-4723-1-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, the few low kappa items contained subjective or colloquial Western terms that had been difficult to translate because the literal meanings in Chinese seemed strange [35].”
BackgroundTseng, T., Wu, C.-J. J., & Chang, A. M. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100624 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“With permissions obtained, translating these English versions into Chinese by translation and back-translation process [29].”
MethodSelf-citationThe development and reliability of the Cantonese version of the Allen Cognitive Level Screen
Chan, C. L. F., Ray, S. A., & Trudeau, S. A. (2001) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.152 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The emphasis of the translation was to look at the conceptual rather than the literal meaning (Chang et al., 1999).”
Background
- Authors
- Chang, A. M., Chau, J. P. C., & Holroyd, E.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Venue
- Journal of Advanced Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 316-322
- ISSN
- 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2648
- OpenAlex
- W2059004711
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Keywords
- Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, questionnaire translation, cross-cultural equivalence, Chinese translation, back-translation, menstrual distress, psychometric validation, kappa agreement, intraclass correlation coefficient
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Premenstrual Syndrome, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Translating, Reproducibility of Results, Cross-Over Studies, Statistics, Nonparametric
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