Cited by 209Health Education and ValidationPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMenstrual Health and Disorders

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Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence

Chang, Anne M., Chau, Janita P.C., Holroyd, Eleanor·1999·Journal of Advanced Nursing

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00891.x

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Abstract

Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence¶ The validity of studies using translated instruments may be questioned when there is a lack of attention to and/or minimal explanation of the procedures used for determining the equivalence between the primary and secondary language tool. Ensuring equivalence of a translated Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire is an important prerequisite for identifying culturally specific expressions of concepts under investigation and for cross‐cultural comparisons. This paper examines the principles and procedures for determining equivalence of translated tools and their application to the development of an equivalent Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Translation and back‐translation were used to develop a Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Bilingual university students completed both versions of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Most of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire items had an acceptable Kappa openface> 0·4. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated moderate to high levels of equivalence for total scores and all scales. Improvement in the translation of some items is needed to further enhance the equivalence of the Chinese version of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire.

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Wunderlich, M. M., Amende-Wolf, S., Krampe, H., Kruppa, J., Spies, C., Weiß, B., Memmert, B., Balzer, F., & Poncette, A.-S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40290-7 · Cited by 23
“Low-quality translations often lack the semantic subtleties of the original items or imbue a different meaning altogether 20,21 .”
Study protocol: a randomised controlled trial of a nurse-led community-based self-management programme for improving recovery among community-residing stroke survivors
Lo, S. H. S., Chang, A. M., & Chau, J. P. C. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1642-9 · Cited by 21
“The authors have back-translated [19] and validated the Chinese version of SSQOL in a convenience sample of 135 Chinese community-residing stroke survivors.”
MethodSelf-citation
Translation and cultural adaptation of the Piper Fatigue Scale for use in Sweden
Östlund, U., Gustavsson, P. J., & Fürst, C.-J. (2006) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2006.04.034 · Cited by 21
“If results from an adapted instrument are intended to be interpreted in the same way as results from the original instrument, or if the results are planned to be compared, one important form of validity is equivalence (Chang et al., 1999).”
Result
Mexican Immigrants and the Use of Cognitive Assessment Techniques in Questionnaire Development
Agans, R., Deeb‐Sossa, N., & Kalsbeek, W. D. (2006) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/0739986305285826 · Cited by 20
Nursing models and self-concept in patients with spinal cord injury—a comparison between UK and Taiwan
Chen, H., Boore, J. R. P., & Mullan, F. D. (2004) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.06.012 · Cited by 19
“In future studies, the author suggests that the following steps should be taken (Brislin, 1970; McDermott and Palchanes, 1994; Temple, 1997; Chang et al., 1999):”
Background
Cross cultural equivalence testing of the Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) for an Arabic speaking population
Day, S. J., & Buis, A. W. P. (2012) · Prosthetics and Orthotics International · doi:10.1177/0309364611433442 · Cited by 19
Perceived Accent Discrimination: Psychosocial Consequences and Perceived Legitimacy
Freynet, N., & Clément, R. (2019) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x19865775 · Cited by 19
Development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of a brief parenting scale (PS-7) for the parents of adolescents
Fung, S.-F., & Fung, A. L. C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228287 · Cited by 20
Does Being Bilingual in English and Chinese Influence Responses to Quality-of-Life Scales?
Thumboo, J., Fong, K., Machin, D., Chan, S., Soh, C.-H., Leong, K., Feng, P., Thio, S.-T., & Boey, M. (2002) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200202000-00005 · Cited by 19
Adaptation of The Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale To Turkish: The Validity and Reliability Study
Baş, A. U., & Siyez, D. M. (2010) · İlköğretim Online · doi:10.17051/io.80998 · Cited by 19
Psychometric testing of the Chinese evidence‐based practice scales
Wang, S., Lee, L. L., Wang, W., Sung, H., Chang, H., Hsu, M., Chang, S., & Tai, C. (2012) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06011.x · Cited by 18
Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Psychometric Evaluation and Development of a Chinese Adaptation
Jin, J., & Fung, S.-F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010921 · Cited by 17
Gender-based profiling of Quality of Life (QOL) of primary health care (PHC) attendees in central Uganda: a cross sectional analysis.
Muhwezi, W. W., Okello, E. S., & Turiho, A. K. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 17
A Chinese Mandarin translation and validation of the Myocardial Infarction Dimensional Assessment Scale (MIDAS)
Wang, W., López, V., & Thompson, D. R. (2006) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-006-0065-1 · Cited by 17
“The CM-SF-36 has been translated from original English version through a rigorous scientific process of forward and backward translations [10].”
Influential
Searching for best practices of youth friendly services - a study protocol using qualitative comparative analysis in Sweden
Goicolea, I., Christianson, M., Hurtig, A., Marchal, B., Sebastiån, M. S., & Wiklund, M. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1570-8 · Cited by 18
The impact of individual factors on healthcare staff's computer use in psychiatric hospitals
Koivunen, M. H., Valimaki, M. A., Koskinen, A., Staggers, N., & Katajisto, J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02119.x · Cited by 16
Adaptação e validação do instrumento "Positions on nursing diagnosis" para a língua portuguesa
da Cruz, D. D. A. L. M., Hayashi, A. A. M., Oliva, A. P. V., & Corrêa, C. G. (2006) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/s0034-71672006000200008 · Cited by 15
Making high‐quality measures available in diverse contexts—The psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a Norwegian sample
Lisøy, C., Neumer, S., Waaktaar, T., Ingul, J. M., Holen, S., & Martinsen, K. D. (2022) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1935 · Cited by 19
Social rehabilitation in long-term conditions: learning about the process.
Portillo, M. C., & Cowley, S. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05600.x · Cited by 11
Assessing factor structure and reliability of the career adaptability scale in students with special educational needs
Yang, L., Sin, K. F., & Savickas, M. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1030218 · Cited by 25
Validation of the FACT‐Gastric cancer quality of life questionnaire for use in Spanish‐speaking countries
Debb, S. M., Arnold, B. J., Pérez, B. Y. C., & Cella, D. F. (2010) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1698 · Cited by 14
Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing of the Arabic version of the Modified Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire
Amer, H. S. A., Alanazi, F., Eldesoky, M., & Honin, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231382 · Cited by 14
Retracted
Validation of Chinese version of the 5-item WHO well-being index in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Du, J., Jiang, Y., Lloyd, C. E., Sartorius, N., Ren, J., Zhao, W., Wei, J., & Hong, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05381-9 · Cited by 13
“The WHO-5-C experienced translation and back-translation procedures by two individual translators and was further convinced in two pilot studies, reporting no difficulty in understanding the questions [24].”
Method
The role of stress responses on engagement in dietary and physical activity behaviors among Latino adults living with prediabetes
Wallace, D. D., Barrington, C., Albrecht, S. S., Gottfredson, N. C., Carter‐Edwards, L., & Lytle, L. A. (2021) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2021.1880549 · Cited by 12
Depressive mood and frontal alpha asymmetry during the luteal phase in premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Lin, I., Tsai, Y., Peper, E., & Yen, C. (2013) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.12020 · Cited by 13
“The Chinese version of the MDQ has an acceptable internal consistency and intercycle stability.(29) In this study, the internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s a) of MDQ was 0.”
Background
Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Worry Scale
Shiu, A. T., & Wong, R. Y. (2004) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2004.21308.x · Cited by 13
Choosing to become a nurse in Saudi Arabia and the lived experience of new graduates: a mixed methods study.
Alboliteeh, M. (2015) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 13
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Acceptance of Chronic Health Conditions (Stoma) Scale for Patients With Stoma
Lim, S. H., He, H. G., & Chan, S. W. (2016) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000411 · Cited by 12
“Establishing equivalence between the original and target language version will minimize any bias toward a particular culture or nation.(24) Demonstrating psychometric adequacy of the target language aims to provide an adequate reliability and validity in the measurement of a particular phenomenon of interest.”
Background
German Translation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale for Children and Adolescents
Lang, J., & Schmitz, B. (2019) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282919849361 · Cited by 12
A checklist for translating and adapting questionnaires (CTAQ) in healthcare research: insights from a Delphi method approach
Duc, N. T. M., Dila, K. A. S., Nguyen, D. H., Eltaybani, S., Singal, A. G., Siddiqui, A. R., Piault‐Louis, E., Fradelos, Ε. C., Ansar, F., Maselli, F., et al. (2025) · Tropical Medicine and Health · doi:10.1186/s41182-025-00798-2 · Cited by 11
“…been outlined in several established works, including (i) the need for a translation team; (ii) the identification of the target audience and objectives; (iii) the actual translation process itself, sometimes called forward translation [4], and (iv) the final proofreading and validation [3, 5–7].”
Evidence-based policing and police receptivity to research: evidence from Taiwan
Lin, K.-H., Sidebottom, A., & Wortley, R. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2022-0050 · Cited by 11
Adapting health behavior measurement tools for cross-cultural use
Vreeman, R., McHenry, M. S., & Nyandiko, W. M. (2013) · Journal of Integrative Psychology and Therapeutics · doi:10.7243/2054-4723-1-2 · Cited by 11
“However, the few low kappa items contained subjective or colloquial Western terms that had been difficult to translate because the literal meanings in Chinese seemed strange [35].”
Background
Theoretical asthma self-management program for Taiwanese adolescents with self-efficacy, outcome-expectancy, health behaviour, and asthma symptoms: A randomized controlled trial
Tseng, T., Wu, C.-J. J., & Chang, A. M. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100624 · Cited by 11
“With permissions obtained, translating these English versions into Chinese by translation and back-translation process [29].”
MethodSelf-citation
The development and reliability of the Cantonese version of the Allen Cognitive Level Screen
Chan, C. L. F., Ray, S. A., & Trudeau, S. A. (2001) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.152 · Cited by 11
“The emphasis of the translation was to look at the conceptual rather than the literal meaning (Chang et al., 1999).”
Background

Authors: Chang, A. M., Chau, J. P. C., & Holroyd, E.
Affiliations: Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
ORCID: Chau, Janita P.C.
Holroyd, Eleanor
Venue: Journal of Advanced Nursing
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-02
Volume: 29
Issue: 2
Pages: 316-322
ISSN: 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
1365-2648
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00891.x
OpenAlex: W2059004711
Cited by: 209
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 14.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1058 d)
Locations: Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
Keywords: Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, questionnaire translation, cross-cultural equivalence, Chinese translation, back-translation, menstrual distress, psychometric validation, kappa agreement, intraclass correlation coefficient
MeSH terms: Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Premenstrual Syndrome, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Translating, Reproducibility of Results, Cross-Over Studies, Statistics, Nonparametric

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Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence

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