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Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: a review
Abstract
We briefly review reports on drug resistance in human helminths and compare the factors which contribute to the development of anthelmintic resistance in livestock and man, i.e. high treatment frequency, single‐drug regimens, targeting and timing of mass treatments and underdosing. Conclusions are drawn from the mistakes in the treatment and control of livestock helminths. The advantages and inconveniences of current methods for the detection of drug resistance in helminths of livestock are discussed and some suggestions are put forward to standardize the tests for the detection of resistance in human helminths. Finally, based on veterinary experience, some recommendations are made to reduce the risks of development of drug resistance in human helminths. The dramatic and rapid spread of resistance to all major classes of veterinary anthelmintics should be a warning against too strong a reliance on drugs in helminth control programmes.
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“The resistance might also arise in various ways, including point mutations or deletion of β-tubulin isotype 1 or 2, microtubule-associated proteins, or others [334,335].”
From Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update (2021) · cites this paper as [334]
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Rapid Genotyping of β-tubulin Polymorphisms in Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides
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Ivermectin: a complimentary weapon against the spread of malaria?
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Models for measuring anthelmintic drug efficacy for parasitologists
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Sheep-farm risk factors for ivermectin resistance in Ostertagia circumcincta in Western Australia.
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“Currently, chemotherapeutic drugs are the global strategy to control STHs, but this approach has led to an unavoidable increase in drug resistance [6].”
BackgroundRanjan, S., Passi, S. J., & Singh, S. N. (2013) · Journal of Parasitic Diseases · doi:10.1007/s12639-013-0378-2 · Cited by 22
“However, to prevent re-infection and development of drug resistance, non-chemotherapeuticbased options (like health education, improved sanitation and living conditions) must be adopted along with chemotherapy (WHO 1996; Geerts and Gryseels 2001).”
BackgroundLevecke, B., Speybroeck, N., Dobson, R. J., Vercruysse, J., & Charlier, J. (2011) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001427 · Cited by 24
“efficacy due to emerging resistance of the parasites against benzimidazoles [3–7].”
BackgroundSingle-channel properties of N- and L-subtypes of acetylcholine receptor in Ascaris suum.
Levandoski, M., Robertson, A., Kuiper, S., Qian, H., & Martin, R. J. (2005) · International Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.03.007 · Cited by 23
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“…resistance to all the classes of antinematodal drugs like the benzimidazoles, cholinergic agonists and avermectins, has now been recorded in parasites of animals and/or humans (Dent et al., 2000; Geerts and Gryseels, 2001; Geary et al., 2004; Wolstenholme et al., 2004; Martin et al., 2005).”
BackgroundKołodziej, P., Wujec, M., Doligalska, M., Makuch-Kocka, A., Khylyuk, D., Bogucki, J., Demkowska-Kutrzepa, M., Roczeń-Karczmarz, M., Studzińska, M., Tomczuk, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.004 · Cited by 20
“Multidrug resistance means that the pool of effective substances used in the treatment of parasitic diseases is shrinking, which generates the need to search for new compounds with antiparasitic and anthelmintic properties [21–29].”
BackgroundThe effects of plant cysteine proteinases on the nematode cuticle
Njom, V. S., Winks, T., Diallo, O., Lowe, A., Behnke, J. M., Dickman, M. J., DUCE, I. R., Johnstone, I. L., & Buttle, D. J. (2021) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04800-8 · Cited by 27
The helminth parasite proteome at the host–parasite interface – Informing diagnosis and control
van der Ree, A. M., & Mutapi, F. (2015) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.007 · Cited by 20
Toward integrative ‘omics of the barber’s pole worm and related parasitic nematodes
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Veterinary Infection Biology: Molecular Diagnostics and High-Throughput Strategies
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Anthelmintic Agents from African Medicinal Plants: Review and Prospects
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“Prolonged use of single drugs, for example, the use of ivermectin for Onchocerciasis control inWest Africa and praziquantel against Schistosomiasis in Egypt, has been associated with widespread resistance [34].”
BackgroundHarnessing the gut microbiome in the fight against anthelminthic drug resistance
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“Resistance has been observed across the three major antiparasitic drug classes (Table 1)[16,18,19], including avermectins (macrocyclic lactones), benzimidazoles, and cholinergic receptor anthelminthics (e.”
BackgroundInfluentialSynthesis and anthelmintic activity of benzopyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one derivatives
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Human strongyloidiasis: identifying knowledge gaps, with emphasis on environmental control
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“70 Studies of related soil and veterinary helminthes have raised concerns about the formation of resistance 71–73 and proposed the need for monitoring for resistance 71”
Helminth ecological requirements shape the impact of climate change on the hazard of infection
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“, 2020) and an alarming positive trend is expected to continue 414 in the future due to the spread of anthelminthic resistance (Geerts and Gryseels, 2001; Rose Vineer et 415 al., 2020) and/or the lack of regular prophylactic.”
BackgroundLautens, M., Tan, J. H., Serrat, X., Borrello, S. D., Schertzberg, M. R., & Fraser, A. G. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009991 · Cited by 18
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“Geerts S et al (2001)(23) and Cioli D (2000) (24) reported almost similar results.”
ResultA PAL for Schistosoma mansoni PHM
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“Although resistance does not appear to be widespread, it has been generated in the laboratory [2], and has occurred transiently in field situations [3,4].”
BackgroundCantacessi, C., Hofmann, A., Campbell, B. E., & Gasser, R. B. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_31 · Cited by 13
“extensive use in livestock) should reduce the emergence of resistance in parasitic nematodes of humans (88-91), some studies (92-97) have reported a reduction in efficacy of mebendazole and pyrantel in N.”
BackgroundPeddibhotla, S., Fontaine, P., Leung, C., Maloney, P., Hershberger, P., Wang, Y., Bousquet, M. S., Luesch, H., Mangravita-Novo, A., Pinkerton, A., et al. (2015) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.5b00304 · Cited by 12
Gut microbiota metabolically mediate intestinal helminth infection in zebrafish
Hammer, A. J., Gaulke, C. A., García‐Jaramillo, M., Leong, C., Morré, J. T., Sieler, M. J., Stevens, J. F., Jiang, Y., Maier, C. S., Kent, M. L., et al. (2024) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00545-24 · Cited by 16
“…globally for decades (12, 13) posing a tremendous risk to humans because practices such as broad blanket anthelmintic administration (14) and prior widespread prophylactic administration of anthelmintic drugs (15) have provi ded strong selective forces for virulent drug-resistant organisms (16).”
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Global deworming: moving past albendazole and mebendazole
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The effective life of ivermectin on Western Australian sheep farms--a survival analysis.
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Adetunji, T. L., Adetunji, A. E., Odebunmi, C. A., van der Kooy, F., & Siebert, F. (2022) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2022.01.017 · Cited by 13
Gut microbiota metabolically mediate intestinal helminth infection in Zebrafish
Hammer, A. J., Gaulke, C. A., García-Jaramillo, M., Leong, C., Morre, J., Sieler, M. J., Stevens, J. F., Jiang, Y., Maier, C. S., Kent, M. L., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605207 · Cited by 9
“…observed globally for decades 12,13 posing a tremendous risk to humans because practices such as broad blanket anthelmintic administration 14 and prior widespread prophylactic administration of anthelmintic drugs 15 have provided strong selective forces for virulent drug resistant organisms 16 .”
BackgroundThe equine ascarids: resuscitating historic model organisms for modern purposes
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Montes-Ávila, J., Díaz-Camacho, S., Willms, K., de-la-Cruz-Otero, M. D. C., Robert, L., Rivero, I., & Delgado-Vargas, F. (2017) · Medicinal Chemistry Research · doi:10.1007/s00044-017-1983-x · Cited by 9
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“The analysis and reflection are developed within the “One Health drugs against parasitic vector borne diseases in Europe and beyond” Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action 21111 (OneHealth drugs ).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Geerts, S., & Gryseels, B.
- Affiliations
- Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Geerts, S.
- ORCID
- Geerts, S.
- Venue
- Tropical Medicine & International Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 915-921
- ISSN
- 1360-2276 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-3156
- OpenAlex
- W2128079521
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Tropical Medicine & International Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- anthelmintic resistance, human helminths, mass drug administration, treatment frequency, underdosing, drug resistance detection, veterinary anthelmintics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anthelmintics, Drug Resistance, Helminthiasis, Helminths, Humans, Species Specificity, Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
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