The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phenotypic integration: studying the ecology and evolution of complex phenotypes
Open accessAbstract
Phenotypic integration refers to the study of complex patterns of covariation among functionally related traits in a given organism. It has been investigated throughout the 20th century, but has only recently risen to the forefront of evolutionary ecological research. In this essay, I identify the reasons for this late flourishing of studies on integration, and discuss some of the major areas of current endeavour: the interplay of adaptation and constraints, the genetic and molecular bases of integration, the role of phenotypic plasticity, macroevolutionary studies of integration, and statistical and conceptual issues in the study of the evolution of complex phenotypes. I then conclude with a brief discussion of what I see as the major future directions of research on phenotypic integration and how they relate to our more general quest for the understanding of phenotypic evolution within the neo‐Darwinian framework. I suggest that studying integration provides a particularly stimulating and truly interdisciplinary convergence of researchers from fields as disparate as molecular genetics, developmental biology, evolutionary ecology, palaeontology and even philosophy of science.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mate selection—A selection for a handicap
Zahavi, A. (1975) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3 · Cited by 5,251
Parasites, Bright Males, and the Immunocompetence Handicap
Folstad, I., & Karter, A. J. (1992) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285346 · Cited by 2,799
Signals, Signal Conditions, and the Direction of Evolution
Endler, J. A. (1992) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285308 · Cited by 1,960
Punctuated equilibrium comes of age
Gould, S. J., & Eldredge, N. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/366223a0 · Cited by 957
Marroig, G., & Cheverud, J. M. (2001) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00770.x · Cited by 425
Towards a resolution of the lek paradox
Kotiaho, J. S., Simmons, L. W., & Tomkins, J. L. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35070557 · Cited by 301
Specializations of Some Carotenoid-Bearing Feathers
Olson, S. L. (1970) · The Condor · doi:10.2307/1366389 · Cited by 27
Cited by
The return of the variance: intraspecific variability in community ecology
Violle, C., Enquist, B. J., McGill, B. J., Jiang, L., Albert, C. H., Hulshof, C., Jung, V., & Messier, J. (2012) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.014 · Cited by 1,768
Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions
Alexander-Bloch, A., Giedd, J. N., & Bullmore, E. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3465 · Cited by 1,064
CONVERGENCE, ADAPTATION, AND CONSTRAINT
Losos, J. B. (2011) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01289.x · Cited by 985
Evolution, the Extended Synthesis
(2010) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262513678.001.0001 · Cited by 964
Morphological integration and developmental modularity
Klingenberg, C. P. (2008) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110054 · Cited by 863
Metadata
- Authors
- Pigliucci, M.
- Venue
- Ecology Letters
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-02-28
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 265-272
- ISSN
- 1461-023X (ISSN-L)
- 1461-0248
- OpenAlex
- W2137358759
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 27.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Phenotypic integration: studying the ecology and evolution of complex phenotypes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00428.x
- The paper
- Pigliucci, M. (2003). Phenotypic integration: studying the ecology and evolution of complex phenotypes. Ecology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00428.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
