Does Work Pay Psychologically as Well as Economically? The Role of Employment in Predicting Depressive Symptoms and Parenting Among Low-Income Families
Abstract
This longitudinal study examined quantity and quality of maternal employment as predictors of depressive symptoms and parenting style in a sample of 94 low-income mothers whose 4-year-old children were enrolled in Head Start at baseline. Results suggest that answers to the question of whether work "pays" are complex: Findings suggest some benefits of greater employment participation while also indicating that women holding lower prestige jobs experienced increases in their use of negative parenting style, net of baseline demographic and psychological characteristics. Sparse evidence for selection processes was found, with cohabitation and maternal depressive symptoms modestly predictive of subsequent maternal employment. Implications of these findings for welfare reform and educationally related policies for low-income families are discussed.
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Temperamental predisposition to approach versus withdraw plays an important role in structuring young children's opportunities to engage teachers positively; teachers spend more time talking with and instructing children viewed as more emotionally positive and less negative, difficult, or clingy.
“Temperamental predisposition to approach versus withdraw has been argued to play a particularly important role in structuring young children’s opportunities to engage their teachers in positive ways; for example, teachers have been found to spend more time talking with and providing instruction to children whom they view as more emotionally positive and less negative, difficult to manage, or cling”
From School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as Raver 2003
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Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation
Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
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School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Self-citationWork and family research in the first decade of the 21st century
Bianchi, S. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00726.x · Cited by 1,145 · see citing works
Garner, P. W. (2006) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.179 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Bramesfeld, A., Platt, L., & Schwartz, F. W. (2006) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.11.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Raver, C. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raver, C Cybele
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-11-01
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1720-1736
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2127497787
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 10.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Keywords
- maternal employment, depressive symptoms, parenting styles, low-income households, low-income mothers, occupational prestige, Head Start, cohabitation, welfare reform, work-family balance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Black or African American, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Employment, Female, Humans, Job Satisfaction, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, New York, Poverty, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Urban Population, Models, Statistical, Single Parent, Child of Impaired Parents, Parenting, Early Intervention, Educational, Black People, White People
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