Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation

Rushton, J. Philippe; Brainerd, Charles J.; Pressley, Michael

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18

Cited by 941Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPersonality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation

Rushton, J. Philippe, Brainerd, Charles J., Pressley, Michael·1983·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18

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Abstract

Many important variables in behavioral development are presumed to be unrelated because of repeated failures to obtain substantial correlations. In this article, we explore the possibility that such null findings have often been due to failures to aggregate. The principle of aggregation states that the sum of a set of multiple measurements is a more stable and representative estimator than any single measurement. This greater representation occurs because there is inevitably some error associated with measurement. By combining numerous exemplars, such errors of measurement are averaged out, leaving a clearer view of underlying relationships. We illustrate the usefulness of this principle in 12 major areas of developmental research in which the issue of negligible correlations figures prominently: (a) the validity of judges' ratings, (b) the cross-situational consistency of moral character and personality, (c) the longitudinal stability of personality, (d) the coherence of stages of cognitive development, (e) metacognition, (f) the attitude—behavior relationship, (g) the personality—behavior relationship, (h) the role-taking/altruism relationship, (i) the moral-judgment/altruism relationship, (j) the legitimacy of the construct of attachment, (k) the existence of sex differences, and (1) the assessment of emotionality in animals. In a final section, we also discuss the implications of the principle of aggregation for conducting experimental research.

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Authors: Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M.
Affiliations: Western University (CA)
ORCID: Brainerd, Charles J.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1983-07
Volume: 94
Issue: 1
Pages: 18-38
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18
OpenAlex: W2152174164
Cited by: 940
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 32.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: construct validity, behavioral development, measurement error, personality stability, moral judgment, metacognition, attitude-behavior relationship, altruism, attachment, sex differences, cross-situational consistency, longitudinal stability

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Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation

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