Local Extinctions of Terrestrial Insectivorous Birds in a Fragmented Landscape near Manaus, Brazil
Abstract
Abstract: We examined the distributions of nine species of terrestrial insectivorous birds in 4‐ to 14‐year‐old rainforest fragments north of Manaus, Brazil. We surveyed 11 fragments of 1, 10, and 100 ha, 95 ha of secondary vegetation, and nine continuous forest plots (controls) of 1–100 ha. We augmented standard spot‐mapping with extensive playback surveys. The fragments had been sampled with mist nets before isolation, so our results could be compared with the pre‐isolation distribution. For the nine species, there were 55 cases of local extinction in the 11 fragments between about 1 year after isolation and the time of our surveys. This corresponds to 74% extinction of the local populations in fragments. These extinctions occurred despite the second‐growth connection of some fragments to continuous forest as little as 70 m away. Three apparent colonization events by species not detected before isolation also occurred, but these may also reflect inadequate sampling before isolation. Our comparison of fragments and similar‐sized control plots in continuous forest showed an area effect on species richness in both fragments and control plots, but fragments had fewer species than control plots of equal size. In a fragmented Amazonian landscape, the full suite of terrestrial insectivores would persist in the short term only in large fragments ( > 100 ha), although much larger areas are probably necessary for the long‐term persistence of their populations.
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In fragmented forests in Costa Rica and Brazil, insectivores suffered greater declines and local extinctions than other avian groups.
“in fragmented forests in Costa Rica and Brazil, insectivores suffered greater declines and local extinctions than other avian groups (102–104).”
From Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web (2018) · cites this paper as [103]
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“…forest bird declines to deforestation and the conversion of tropical forests to agricultural habitats, particularly in forest archipelagos in agricultural landscapes (Bregman et al., 2014; Newmark, 1991; S ekercioğlu, 2012a; Sigel et al., 2006; Sodhi et al., 2011; Stratford and Stouffer, 1999).”
BackgroundDISPERSAL AND COLONIZATION THROUGH OPEN FIELDS BY A TERRESTRIAL, WOODLAND SALAMANDER
Marsh, D. M., Thakur, K. A., Bulka, K. C., & Clarke, L. B. (2004) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/03-0713 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
SIGEL, B. J., SHERRY, T. W., & YOUNG, B. E. (2006) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00293.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Stouffer, P. C., Johnson, E. I., Bierregaard, R. O., & Lovejoy, T. Ε. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020543 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationUrban, M. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1817416115 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Stouffer, P. C., Strong, C. M., & Naka, L. N. (2008) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00497.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“These species had already been lost from smaller fragments, and other members of this guild had already been lost from 100-ha fragments by 1995 (Stratford & Stouffer, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationConsequências ecológicas da fragmentação florestal na amazônia
Laurance, W. F., & Vasconcelos, H. L. D. (2009) · Oecologia Brasiliensis · doi:10.4257/oeco.2009.1303.03 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Isolation determines patterns of species presence in highly fragmented landscapes
Bôscolo, D., & Metzger, J. P. (2011) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06763.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Matrix effects on bird assemblages in fragmented Afromontane forests in South Africa
Wethered, R., & Lawes, M. J. (2003) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00052-1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effects of habitat disturbance on mixed species bird flocks in a tropical sub-montane rainforest
Lee, T. M., Soh, M. C. K., Sodhi, N. S., Koh, L. P., & Lim, S. L. ‐. (2004) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Stratford, J. A., & Stouffer, P. C. (2015) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.017 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“…sensitivity, ranging from Myrmornis torquata (Wing-banded Antbird), a species that was missing from all the forest fragments studied by Stratford and Stouffer (1999) and has never recolonized any fragment, to Myrmothera campanisona (Thrush-like Antpitta) a species that colonizes…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationEstimating Extinction Risk with Metapopulation Models of Large‐Scale Fragmentation
Schnell, J. K., Harris, G. M., Pimm, S. L., & Russell, G. J. (2013) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12047 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Impacts of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Terrestrial Biodiversity
Rogan, J. E., & Lacher, T. E. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10913-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Clerici, N., Bodini, A., Eva, H. D., Grégoire, J., Dulieu, D., & Paolini, C. (2006) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2006.08.003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bird diversity in cacao farms and forest fragments of western Panama
Bael, S. A. V., Bichier, P., Ochoa, I., & Greenberg, R. (2007) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9193-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Several long-term studies have documented the decline of forest bird populations with the increase of forest loss to agriculture and other human land uses in the American tropics (Stratford and Stouffer 1999; Robinson 2001; Sekercioglu et al. 2002; Sigel et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMovements of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Atlantic Forest remnants in southern Brazil
Bianconi, G. V., Mikich, S. B., & Pedro, W. A. (2006) · Revista Brasileira de Zoologia · doi:10.1590/s0101-81752006000400030 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…the main threats to regional and global biodiversity (NOSS & CSUTI 1997) because they result in several consequences to the fauna, including alteration at the community level and local to regional extinctions (LOVEJOY et al. 1984, ANDRÉN 1994, ROBINSON & ROBINSON 1999, STRATFORD & STOUFFER 1999).”
Effectiveness of an acoustic lure for surveying bats in British woodlands
Hill, D. A., & GREENAWAY, F. (2005) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00058.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Uezu, A., & Metzger, J. P. (2011) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0154-5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“It was not a surprise that birds with natural low abundance and the guilds of understory insectivores and large terrestrials birds were found to be more affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, as this result is congruent with many other studies (Willis 1979; Kattan et al. 1994; Stratford and Stouffer 1999; Goerck…”
ResultForest fragmentation in an African biodiversity hotspot impacts mixed-species bird flocks
Cordeiro, N. J., Borghesio, L., Joho, M. P., Monoski, T. J., Mkongewa, V. J., & Dampf, C. J. (2014) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.050 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Watson, J. E. M., Whittaker, R. J., & Dawson, T. P. (2004) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01142.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The problem of analysing patterns of species richness in fragments of differing size is that it is difficult to eliminate the effects of decreasing sampling area; both fragmentation and decreasing sampling area should result in decreasing species richness (Stratford & Stouffer, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialClearing Width and Movements of Understory Rainforest Birds1
Laurance, S. G. W., & Gómez, M. S. (2005) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.04099.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Many species decline or disappear from forest fragments (Stouffer & Bierregaard 1995, Stratford & Stouffer 1999, Beier et al. 2002), logged rainforest (Thiollay 1992, Aleixo 1999), fire-disturbed forest (Barlow et al. 2002), and forest edges bordering agricultural fields (Restrepo & Gomez 1998) and…”
BackgroundBird communities in rainforest fragments: guild responses to habitat variables in Tabasco, Mexico
Arriaga-Weiss, S. L., Calmé, S., & Kampichler, C. (2007) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9238-7 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“For example, insectivores of understory or terrestrial microhabitats are rarely resilient to the more severe forms of disturbance (Johns 1991), and large canopy frugivores, understory insectivores, and forest interior raptors are particularly vulnerable to fragmentation (Johns 1991; Kattan et al. 1994; Renjifo 2001; S…”
BackgroundInfluentialStouffer, P. C. (2007) · The Auk · doi:10.1093/auk/124.1.291 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing bird community responses to forest fragmentation in two lowland Central American reserves
Sigel, B. J., Robinson, W. D., & Sherry, T. W. (2009) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.020 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Insectivores responded negatively to fragmentation at both sites, a widespread tropical pattern (e.g., Thiollay 1997; Stratford and Stouffer, 1999; S ekercioğlu et al., 2002; Sodhi et al. 2004).”
BackgroundLong‐term demographic consequences of habitat fragmentation to a tropical understory bird community
Korfanta, N. M., Newmark, W. D., & Kauffman, M. J. (2012) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/11-1345.1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Conservation in human-modified landscapes
Koh, L., & Gardner, T. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0014 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Awade, M., Bôscolo, D., & Metzger, J. P. (2011) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-011-9667-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, the special case in which habitat availability is governed purely by the amount of contiguous habitat seems to be valid only under very particular conditions, such as when species strongly avoid edge environments (Stratford and Stouffer 1999) or when inter-patch distances exceed species dispersal capaciti…”
BackgroundStouffer, P. C. (2020) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/condor/duaa005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationLandscape patterns influencing bird assemblages in a fragmented neotropical cloud forest
Martínez‐Morales, M. Á. (2004) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.015 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Landscape matrix mediates occupancy dynamics of Neotropical avian insectivores
Kennedy, C. M., Grant, E. H. C., Neel, M. C., Fagan, W. F., & Marra, P. P. (2010) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/10-1044.1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“CHRISTINA M. KENNEDY ET AL.1846 Ecological Applications Vol. 21, No. 5 reduces functional landscape connectivity (e.g., Stratford and Stouffer 1999, Sekercioglu et al. 2002); (2) increased nest parasitism and predation of birds (e.g., Chalfoun et al. 2002, Lampila et al. 2005); and (3) reduction of…”
BackgroundStratford, J. A., & Stouffer, P. C. (2013) · Journal of Field Ornithology · doi:10.1111/jofo.12000 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Our focal species were terrestrial insectivores with a range of responses to fragmentation and second-growth forest (Borges and Stouffer 1999, Stratford and Stouffer 1999; Table 1).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBorges, S. H. (2007) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467407004105 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The ground insectivores of the Formicariidae are very sensitive to habitat disturbance (Canaday 1996, Canaday & Rivadeneyra 2001, Stratford & Stouffer 2001).”
BackgroundRecovery of understory bird movement across the interface of primary and secondary Amazon rainforest
Powell, L. L., Stouffer, P. C., & Johnson, E. I. (2013) · The Auk · doi:10.1525/auk.2013.12202 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Stratford and Stouffer (1999), also working in young secondary forest at the BDFFP, speculated that the terrestrial insectivores would be the last to recover as secondary forest matures.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFactors Affecting the Permeability of Clearcuts to Red-Legged Frogs
Chan-McLeod, A. C. A. (2003) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802673 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Visco, D. M., Michel, N. L., Boyle, W. A., Sigel, B. J., Woltmann, S., & Sherry, T. W. (2015) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.05.018 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“In fragmented tropical landscapes, elevated nest predation can also reduce avian productivity causing population declines (Sodhi et al., 2004; Stratford and Robinson, 2005; Stratford and Stouffer, 1999; Willis, 1974).”
BackgroundAlexandrino, E. R., Buechley, E. R., Piratelli, A. J., Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B., Moral, R. D. A., Sekercioglu, C. H., Silva, W. R., & do Couto, H. T. Z. (2016) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF DISTURBANCE OR LOSS OF TROPICAL RAINFOREST ON BIRDS
Sodhi, N. S., Posa, M. R. C., Lee, T. M., & Warkentin, I. G. (2008) · The Auk · doi:10.1525/auk.2008.1708 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
How deforestation pattern in the Amazon influences vertebrate richness and community composition
Prist, P. R., Michalski, F., & Metzger, J. P. (2012) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9729-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“They both cause isolation of remnant forest patches, thereby increasing risks of extinction (Bodmer et al. 1997; Laurance et al. 2011) and reducing native species richness (Stratford and Stouffer 1999; Cullen et al. 2000; Ferraz et al. 2007).”
BackgroundBirds nesting survival in disturbed and protected Neotropical savannas
Borges, F. J. A., & Marini, M. Â. (2009) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9718-z · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effect of forest fragmentation on the soil seed bank of Central Amazonia
de Sousa, T. R., Costa, F. R. C., Bentos, T. V., Filho, N. L., Mesquita, R. C. G., & Ribeiro, I. O. (2017) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.020 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Pawar, S. S., Birand, A. C., Ahmed, M., Sengupta, S., & Raman, T. R. S. (2006) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2006.00298.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“For example, previous studies have shown strong evidence that understorey and terrestrial (e.g. Stratford & Stouffer, 1999; Sekercioglu et al., 2002; Laurance & Gomez, 2005) and frugivorous (e.g. Githiru et al., 2002) birds are relatively more dispersal limited.”
ResultManu, S. A., Peach, W. J., & Cresswell, W. R. (2006) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00628.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Local extinctions in flocking birds in Amazonian forest fragments
Houtan, K. S. V., Pimm, S. L., Bierregaard, R. O., Lovejoy, T. Ε., & Stouffer, P. C. (2006) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCarthy, M. S., Lester, J. D., Howe, E. J., Arandjelovic, M., Stanford, C. B., & Vigilant, L. (2015) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-015-0052-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Fragmentation can isolate populations, thereby reducing genetic diversity and population viability, which may result in local extinctions [3–5].”
BackgroundRenó, V. F., Novo, E. M. L. D. M., & Escada, M. I. S. (2016) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs8110886 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Isolation length >0 m 37% ↓ [47] >75 m 66% ↓ [47] 100% ↓ (1 ha); 30% ↓ (10 ha) [51] >100 m 100% ↓ (1 ha); 30% ↓ (10 ha) [51] >300 m 30% ↓ [47] >425 m 100 % ↓ [47] -”
Bueno, A. S., Dantas, S. D. M., Henriques, L. M. P., & Peres, C. A. (2018) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.12689 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Ground insectivores were extirpated from small Amazonian forest remnants (≤ 10 ha) following fragmentation (Stratford & Stouffer, 1999) as edge- dominated remnants could no longer sustain critical foraging microhabitats for these species (Stratford & Stouffer, 2013).”
BackgroundVisco, D. M., & Sherry, T. W. (2015) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.015 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Schnell, J. K., Harris, G. M., Pimm, S. L., & Russell, G. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065357 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“fragmentation, and its relevance towards extinction [8–12], has been studied exhaustively in birds [4,13–35].”
BackgroundDo insectivorous bird communities decline on land-bridge forest islands in Peninsular Malaysia?
Yong, D., Qie, L., Sodhi, N. S., Koh, L. P., Peh, K. S. ‐., Lee, T. M., Lim, H. C., & Lim, S. L. ‐. (2010) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467410000520 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Reduced Feather Growth Rates of Two Common Birds Inhabiting Central Amazonian Forest Fragments
Stratford, J. A., & Stouffer, P. C. (2001) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003721.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…forests (but see Willis 1974, 1979; Leck 1979; Bierregaard & Lovejoy 1989; Bierregaard 1990; Stouffer & Bierregaard 1995 a , 1995 b ; Robinson 1999; Stratford & Stouffer 1999), even though tropical species are thought to be more sensitive to fragmentation (Terborgh 1974; Remsen & Parker 1984; Karr…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRovero, F., Ahumada, J., Jansen, P. A., Sheil, D., Álvarez, P., Boekee, K., Espinosa, S., Lima, M. G. M., Martin, E. H., O’Brien, T. G., et al. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04773 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…of insectivores to habitat size, quality and fragmentation relative to other guilds, possibly a result of large spatial requirements, dependence on old-growth forest and altered conditions potentially resulting in lower insect abundances along the edges (Stratford and Stouffer 1999, Vetter et al.”
BackgroundThe value of forest strips for understorey birds in an Amazonian plantation landscape
Hawes, J. E., Barlow, J., Gardner, T. A., & Peres, C. A. (2008) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.017 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…forest has been associated with declines in the richness and abundance of primary forest birds in both connected (Lees and Peres, 2008) and unconnected or poorly connected remnants (Ferraz et al., 2003; Stouffer and Bierregaard, 1995; Stratford and Stouffer, 1999; Antongiovanni and Metzger, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes Tropical Forest Fragmentation Increase Long-Term Variability of Butterfly Communities?
Leidner, A. K., Haddad, N. M., & Lovejoy, T. Ε. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009534 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“However, studies of other animals in this system found lower species richness of birds [28,29] and higher species richness of small mammals and frogs in fragmented forest relative to intact forest [30,31].”
BackgroundSmall isolated aspen stands enrich bird communities in southwestern ponderosa pine forests
Griffis‐Kyle, K. L., & Beier, P. (2003) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00237-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Traditional terrestrial application of the theory of island biogeography has been to islands of forest in a matrix of agriculture, urbanization, clearcuts, or meadows (e.g. Martin, 1980; Soulé et al., 1988; Stouffer and Bierregaard, 1995; Stratford and Stouffer, 1999; van Balen, 1999; Beier et al. 2002), i.”
BackgroundO’Dea, N., Watson, J. E. M., & Whittaker, R. J. (2004) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2004.00050.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“They are biased relative to the very time-consuming spot-mapping method (Raman, 2003), considered the only reliable means of determining absolute abundance (Terborgh et al ., 1990; Stratford & Stouffer, 1999).”
Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B., de Siqueira, M. F., Alexandrino, E. R., da Luz, D. T. A., & do Couto, H. T. Z. (2012) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892912000094 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The reduction and isolation of habitat patches can lead to a local loss of forest-dependent species, favouring habitat generalists (Willis 1979; Turner 1996; Stratford & Stouffer 1999; Willis & Oniki 2002; Antunes 2005; Giraudo et al. 2008).”
BackgroundPoliti, N., Hunter, M. L., & Rivera, L. (2012) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-012-0358-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Transformation of land cover for agriculture is clearly the major force driving declines and extirpations of birds (Stratford and Stouffer 1999; Estrada et al. 2000; Sodhi et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSantos, P. C. A., Marques, F. C., Lima, M. R., & dos Anjos, L. (2016) · Natureza & Conservação · doi:10.1016/j.ncon.2016.03.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
PATCH NETWORK CRITERIA FOR DISPERSAL‐LIMITED ENDEMIC BIRDS OF SOUTH AMERICAN TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST
Castellón, T. D., & Sieving, K. E. (2007) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/06-0945.1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“These species are phylogenetically related to understory insectivores of tropical Latin America (Ridgely and Tudor 1994) that are also fragmentation sensitive (e.g., Stouffer and Bierregaard 1995, Sieving and Karr 1997, Stratford and Stouffer 1999).”
BackgroundInfluence of proximity to a geographical range limit on the physiology of a tropical bird
Busch, D. S., Robinson, W. D., Robinson, T. R., & Wingfield, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01791.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Many understory insectivores are also affected by habitat changes that alter moisture and humidity in forests, such as forest fragmentation and degradation (Thiollay 1992; Stouffer & Bierregaard 1995; Canaday 1997; Stratford & Stouffer 1999; Sekercioglu et al. 2002; Williams & Middleton 2008).”
BackgroundEffect of habitat spatiotemporal structure on collembolan diversity
Heiniger, C., Barot, S., Ponge, J., Salmon, S., Botton‐Divet, L., Carmignac, D., & Dubs, F. (2014) · Pedobiologia · doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2014.01.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“While the effects of fragmentation are well ocumented for aboveground animals such as birds or amphibians Stratford and Stouffer, 1999; Cushman, 2006), they have hardly een studied in soil organisms (Decaëns, 2010).”
Ray, D. K., Welch, R. M., Lawton, R. O., & NAIR, U. (2006) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.09.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Aurélio-Silva, M., Anciães, M., Henriques, L. M. P., Benchimol, M., & Peres, C. A. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stratford, J. A., & Stouffer, P. C.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Stratford, Jeffrey A.
- Venue
- Conservation Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1416-1423
- ISSN
- 0888-8892 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-1739
- OpenAlex
- W2096430647
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Conservation Biology (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- local extinction, forest fragmentation, Amazon rainforest, secondary forest, fragment size, species richness, colonization, playback surveys, Manaus, forest isolation, population persistence
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