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Gaia DR2 proper motions of dwarf galaxies within 420 kpc: Orbits, Milky Way mass, tidal influences, planar alignments, and group infall
Open accessAbstract
A proper understanding of the Milky Way (MW) dwarf galaxies in a cosmological context requires knowledge of their 3D velocities and orbits. However, proper motion (PM) measurements have generally been of limited accuracy and are available only for more massive dwarfs. We therefore present a new study of the kinematics of the MW dwarf galaxies. We use the Gaia DR2 for those dwarfs that have been spectroscopically observed in the literature. We derive systemic PMs for 39 galaxies and galaxy candidates out to 420 kpc, and generally find good consistency for the subset with measurements available from other studies. We derive the implied Galactocentric velocities, and calculate orbits in canonical MW halo potentials of low (0.8 × 10 12 M ⊙ ) and high mass (1.6 × 10 12 M ⊙ ). Comparison of the distributions of orbital apocenters and 3D velocities to the halo virial radius and escape velocity, respectively, suggests that the satellite kinematics are best explained in the high-mass halo. Tuc III, Crater II, and additional candidates have orbital pericenters small enough to imply significant tidal influences. Relevant to the missing satellite problem, the fact that fewer galaxies are observed to be near apocenter than near pericenter implies that there must be a population of distant dwarf galaxies yet to be discovered. Of the 39 dwarfs: 12 have orbital poles that do not align with the MW plane of satellites (given reasonable assumptions about its intrinsic thickness); 10 have insufficient PM accuracy to establish whether they align; and 17 satellites align, of which 11 are co-orbiting and (somewhat surprisingly, in view of prior knowledge) 6 are counter-orbiting. Group infall might have contributed to this, but no definitive association is found for the members of the Crater-Leo group.
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Citations
Cites
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BackgroundInfluentialGaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties
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The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)
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MethodThe Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties
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BackgroundInfluentialgalpy: A python LIBRARY FOR GALACTIC DYNAMICS
Bovy, J. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/216/2/29 · Cited by 1,655 · cited 1×
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“This is clearly a dangerous region, as empirically highlighted by the obvious state of tidal disruption afflicting Sgr I (Majewski et al. 2003).”
BackgroundThe Kinematics of the Ultra‐faint Milky Way Satellites: Solving the Missing Satellite Problem
Simon, J. D., & Geha, M. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521816 · Cited by 974 · cited 8×
“In case of Hercules we assign the highest priority to the work of Simon & Geha (2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCats and Dogs, Hair and a Hero: A Quintet of New Milky Way Companions
Belokurov, V. A., Zucker, D. B., Evans, N. W., Kleyna, J. T., Koposov, S. E., Hodgkin, S. T., Irwin, M. J., Gilmore, G. F., Wilkinson, M. I., Fellhauer, M., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/509718 · Cited by 800
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Items 101–200 of 267
The Milky Way’s stellar streams and globular clusters do not align in a Vast Polar Structure
Riley, A. H., & Strigari, L. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa710 · Cited by 39
Cintio, A. D., Mostoghiu, R., Knebe, A., & Navarro, J. F. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1682 · Cited by 39
D’Souza, R., & Bell, E. F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac404 · Cited by 39
Orbital Evidences for Dark-matter-free Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
Hammer, F., Yang, Y., Arenou, F., Wang, J., Li, H., Bonifacio, P., & Babusiaux, C. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab77be · Cited by 38
“However, the most intriguing property of dSphs is the fact that most of them are found near their pericenter (Fritz et al. 2018; Simon 2018, 2019), for an MW mass model consistent with its accurate rotation curve (Eilers et al. 2019; Mróz et al. 2019), with both results coming from Gaia DR2…”
BackgroundWaller, F., Venn, K. A., Sestito, F., Jensen, J., Kielty, C., Borukhovetskaya, A., Hayes, C. R., McConnachie, A. W., & Navarro, J. F. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3563 · Cited by 38
On the Stability of Tidal Streams in Action Space
Arora, A., Sanderson, R. E., Panithanpaisal, N., Cunningham, E. C., Wetzel, A. R., & Garavito-Camargo, N. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac93fb · Cited by 44
“…astrometry allowed measuring proper motions of dwarfs with the Hubble Space Telescope (Sohn et al. 2020) and Gaia (Helmi et al. 2018b; Fritz et al. 2018; Pace & Li 2019) and have expanded the possibilities of analyses greatly in the past few years and promise to continue doing so in…”
MethodOrbital evolution of satellite galaxies in self-interacting dark matter models
Slone, O., Jiang, F., Lisanti, M., & Kaplinghat, M. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.107.043014 · Cited by 55
The Magellanic System: the puzzle of the leading gas stream
Tepper-García, T., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Pawlowski, M. S., & Fritz, T. K. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1659 · Cited by 40
“The next most interesting candidate is Crater II with an estimated dynamical mass of ∼ 5 × 106 M (Caldwell et al. 2017), at a distance of ∼ 117 kpc, an orbit well aligned with that of the MCs, and a pericentric distance within the optical radius of the Galaxy (Fritz et al. 2018b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSavino, A., Weisz, D. R., Skillman, E. D., Dolphin, A. E., Cole, A. A., Kallivayalil, N., Wetzel, A. R., Anderson, J., Besla, G., Boylan-Kolchin, M., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acf46f · Cited by 36
“In turn, this will enable the reconstruction of orbital histories and the estimation of infall times, as has been done for the MW satellites ( e.g., Fritz et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Kallivayalil et al. 2018; Fillingham et al. 2019; Patel et al. 2020; Battaglia et al. 2022 ) .”
BackgroundSelf-citationToward a Direct Measure of the Galactic Acceleration
Chakrabarti, S., Wright, J., Chang, P., Quillen, A., Craig, P., Territo, J., D’Onghia, E., Johnston, K. V., Rosa, R. J. D., Huber, D., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abb9b5 · Cited by 36
“Analysis of Gaia DR-2 data has revealed the so-called phase-space spiral (Antoja et al. 2018), as well as the Enceladus merger (Helmi et al. 2018), clearly indicating a Galaxy that is out of equilibrium.”
MethodInfluentialNew mass bound on fermionic dark matter from a combined analysis of classical dSphs
Savchenko, D., & Rudakovskyi, A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1573 · Cited by 35
New Nearby Hypervelocity Stars and Their Spatial Distribution from Gaia DR2
Du, C., Li, H., Yan, Y.-P., Newberg, H. J., Shi, J., Ma, J., Chen, Y., & Wu, Z. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab328c · Cited by 37
“But Fritz et al. (2018) and Hammer et al. (2018) derive the new results that some dwarf galaxies have high velocities at first using Gaia DR2 proper motions.”
BackgroundDissecting the stellar content of Leo I: a dwarf irregular caught in transition
Ruiz-Lara, T., Gallart, C., Monelli, M., Fritz, T. K., Battaglia, G., Cassisi, S., Aznar, M. L., Cabrera, A., Rodríguez‐Martín, I., & Salazar‐González, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3871 · Cited by 35
Self-citationBoötes III is a Disrupting Dwarf Galaxy Associated with the Styx Stellar Stream
Carlin, J. L., & Sand, D. J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad8c1 · Cited by 41
“5 from Fritz et al. 2018 is derived from only two spectroscopic candidates, and thus fairly unreliable).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTarumi, Y., Yoshida, N., & Frebel, A. (2021) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 34
The Tucana dwarf spheroidal galaxy: not such a massive failure after all
Taibi, S., Battaglia, G., Rejkuba, M., Leaman, R., Kacharov, N., Iorio, G., Jablonka, P., & Zoccali, M. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937240 · Cited by 33
“The orbital properties of the dwarf galaxies satellites of the MW, obtained by integrating back in time their present-day systemic motion (see e.g. Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Fritz et al. 2018; Simon 2018, for Gaia-DR2 based determinations), are consistent with repeated pericentric passages ?”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcConnachie, A. W., Higgs, C., Thomas, G. F., Venn, K. A., Côté, P., Battaglia, G., & Lewis, G. F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3740 · Cited by 38
Self-citationInternal rotation of Milky Way dwarf spheroidal satellites with Gaia Early Data Release 3
Martínez-García, A. M., del Pino, A., Aparicio, A., van der Marel, R. P., & Watkins, L. L. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1568 · Cited by 33
The chemical evolution of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Sextans
Theler, R., Jablonka, P., Lucchesi, R., Lardo, C., North, P., Irwin, M., Battaglia, G., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., Venn, K., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937146 · Cited by 32
Self-citationZoutendijk, S. L., Brinchmann, J., Bouché, N., den Brok, M., Krajnović, D., Kuijken, K. H., Maseda, M. V., & Schaye, J. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040239 · Cited by 32
Galactic tides and the Crater II dwarf spheroidal: a challenge to LCDM?
Borukhovetskaya, A., Navarro, J. F., Errani, R., & Fattahi, A. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac653 · Cited by 32
Stellar Density Profiles of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
Moskowitz, A. G., & Walker, M. G. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7459 · Cited by 31
“Since the results of Peñarrubia et al. (2009) indicate that tidal effects could alter the shape of a dSph’s stellar profile, we also compared the previously mentioned properties to perihelion distance and current distance from the Milky Way center (Fritz et al. 2018).”
ResultA DECam view of the diffuse dwarf galaxy Crater II – Variable stars
Vivas, A. K., Walker, A. R., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., Monelli, M., Bono, G., Dorta, A., Nidever, D. L., Fiorentino, G., Gallart, C., Andreuzzi, G., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3393 · Cited by 31
“Crater II may have suffered, and may still be suffering, heavy mass loss and strong tidal evolution as suggested by its orbit around the Milky Way (Sanders et al. 2018; Fritz et al. 2018; Fu et al. 2019), which brings it as close as 33 kpc from the Galactic center at perihelion every 2.1 Gyr.”
BackgroundInfluentialAkita, K., & Ando, S. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/11/037 · Cited by 31
“[83–86] based on the latest Gaia data.”
Orbital evidences for dark-matter-free Milky Way dwarf spheroidal galaxiesPreprint
Hammer, F., Yang, Y., Arenou, F., Wang, J., Li, H., Bonifacio, P., & Babusiaux, C. (2020) · HAL · Cited by 31
Stellar chemo-kinematics of the Cetus dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Taibi, S., Battaglia, G., Kacharov, N., Rejkuba, M., Irwin, M., Leaman, R., Zoccali, M., Tolstoy, E., & Jablonka, P. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833414 · Cited by 30
“G A ] 1 1 orbital parameters for almost all known MW satellites from Gaia DR2 data (e.g., Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018) suggests that the low orbital eccentricities and relatively large pericenter distances of dSphs of comparable luminosity to dIrrs disfavor a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationdel Pino, A., Libralato, M., van der Marel, R. P., Bennet, P., Fardal, M. A., Anderson, J., Bellini, A., Sohn, S. T., & Watkins, L. L. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac70cf · Cited by 30
Self-citationBennet, P., Patel, E., Sohn, S. T., del Pino, A., van der Marel, R. P., Libralato, M., Watkins, L. L., Aparicio, A., Besla, G., Gallart, C., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5349 · Cited by 28
“…the MW’s globular clusters (e.g. Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Baumgardt et al. 2019; Vasiliev & Baumgardt 2021), the globular clusters of the Large Magellanic Cloud (Bennet et al. 2022), and the dwarf satellites of the MW (e.g. Fritz et al. 2018; McConnachie & Venn 2020a; Battaglia et al. 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLong-term Orbital Evolution of Galactic Satellites and the Effects on Their Star Formation Histories
Miyoshi, T., & Chiba, M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc486 · Cited by 28
“Fritz et al. (2018) further derived the Gaia DR2 proper motions of more than 39 dwarf galaxies located out to 420 kpc from the Galactic Center and integrated their orbits in static canonical MW potentials.”
BackgroundSearch for globular clusters associated with the Milky Way dwarf galaxies using Gaia DR2
Huang, K., & Koposov, S. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3297 · Cited by 28
Shapes of Milky-Way-mass galaxies with self-interacting dark matter
Vargya, D., Sanderson, R. E., Sameie, O., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Hopkins, P. F., Wetzel, A. R., & Graus, A. S. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2069 · Cited by 28
Pawlowski, M. S., & Sohn, S. T. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2aa9 · Cited by 28
“…simulated satellites whose orbits align as well with the satellite plane as NGC 147 and NGC 185 align with the GPoA, much like has become common practice for the Milky Way satellite galaxies (Metz et al. 2008; Pawlowski & Kroupa 2013; Fritz et al. 2018; Shao et al. 2019; Pawlowski & Kroupa 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe chemical evolution of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Sextans
Theler, R., Jablonka, P., Lucchesi, R., Lardo, C., North, P., Irwin, M. J., Battaglia, G., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., Venn, K. A., et al. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937146/pdf · Cited by 28
Self-citationSantistevan, I. B., Wetzel, A. R., Tollerud, E. J., Sanderson, R. E., & Samuel, J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3100 · Cited by 34
Pawlowski, M. S., Bullock, J. S., Kelley, T., & Famaey, B. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab10e0 · Cited by 27
“…galaxies share the same orbital plane (e.g. Pawlowski & Kroupa 2013), while a more detailed analysis concluded that only 6 out of 39 satellites can be claimed to have orbital poles that are conclusively misaligned with the VPOS given the current proper motion uncertainties (Fritz et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStellar chemo-kinematics of the Cetus dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Taibi, S., Battaglia, G., Kacharov, N., Rejkuba, M., Irwin, M. J., Leaman, R., Zoccali, M., Tolstoy, E., & Jablonka, P. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833414/pdf · Cited by 27
Self-citationThe orientation of planes of dwarf galaxies in the quasi-linear Universe
Libeskind, N. I., Carlesi, E., Müller, O., Pawlowski, M. S., Hoffman, Y., Pomarede, D. M., Courtois, H. M., Tully, R. B., Gottlöber, S., Steinmetz, M., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2852 · Cited by 26
“For example on the one hand, around the Milky Way we have proper motion measurements (Metz et al. 2008; Fritz et al. 2018) which indicate that the satellite galaxies co-rotate within the plane they define.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpectroscopic Confirmation of the Sixth Globular Cluster in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy*
Pace, A. B., Walker, M. G., Koposov, S. E., Caldwell, N., Mateo, M. L., Olszewski, E. W., Bailey, J. I., & Wang, M.-Y. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2cd2 · Cited by 26
“There are starbursts at ∼2, 4 Gyr that correspond to the two most recent pericenter passages (Fritz et al. 2018; Rusakov et al. 2021).”
BackgroundResultOn the Absence of Dark Matter in Dwarf Galaxies Surrounding the Milky Way
Hammer, F., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Arenou, F., Puech, M., Flores, H., & Babusiaux, C. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab36b6 · Cited by 25
Rediscovery of the Sixth Star Cluster in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Wang, M. Y., Koposov, S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Pieres, A., Li, T. S., de Boer, T., Bechtol, K., Belokurov, V., Pace, A. B., Bacon, D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab14f5 · Cited by 25
The effect of tides on the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Iorio, G., Nipoti, C., Battaglia, G., & Sollima, A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1342 · Cited by 24
“…from astrometric measurements (Schweitzer et al. 1995; Piatek et al. 2006; Sohn et al. 2017; Massari et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018b; Fritz et al. 2018) and indirect estimates by Walker et al. (2008); Walker & Peñarrubia (2011) using the apparent velocity gradient along the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAn updated detailed characterization of planes of satellites in the MW and M31
Santos-Santos, I., Domínguez-Tenreiro, R., & Pawlowski, M. S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3130 · Cited by 25
“Proper motion data for MW satellites has revealed one important feature of the plane of satellites observed in the MW: that it presents a high degree of coherent rotation (Metz et al. 2008; Fritz et al. 2018; Pawlowski & Kroupa 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHigh-resolution Optical Spectroscopy of Stars in the Sylgr Stellar Stream*
Roederer, I. U., & Gnedin, O. Y. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab365c · Cited by 25
“In contrast, the pericenter of this orbit is much smaller than typical pericenters for UFD galaxies (20–40 kpc; Fritz et al. 2018; Simon 2018).”
BackgroundPhotometric mass estimation and the stellar mass–halo mass relation for low mass galaxies
Zaritsky, D., & Behroozi, P. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3610 · Cited by 24
Evidence for a Massive Andromeda Galaxy Using Satellite Galaxy Proper Motions
Patel, E., & Mandel, K. S. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc029 · Cited by 24
“While 6D phase-space information is available for almost all of the MW’s satellite galaxies (Fritz et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Simon 2018; McConnachie & Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence.”
MethodInfluentialModels of distorted and evolving dark matter haloes
Sanders, J. L., Lilley, E. J., Vasiliev, E., Evans, N. W., & Erkal, D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3079 · Cited by 23
“Fritz et al. (2018) considers a broader sample of dwarfs with more ultrafaints which have poorer quality data.”
BackgroundMethodDiscovery of a Candidate Hypervelocity Star Originating from the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Huang, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Li, X., Sun, W., Chang, J., Dong, X., & Liu, X.-W. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abd413 · Cited by 24
On the Effect of the Large Magellanic Cloud on the Orbital Poles of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
Pawlowski, M. S., Oria, P.-A., Taibi, S., Famaey, B., & Ibata, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6ce0 · Cited by 22
“We assume the VPOS normal points to Galactic coordinates (l, b)VPOS = (169.3 ◦,−2.8◦) to be consistent with previous works (e.g. Fritz et al. 2018; Li et al. 2021; Garavito-Camargo et al. 2021).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMutlu-Pakdİl, B., Sand, D., Walker, M., Caldwell, N., Carlin, J., Collins, M., Crnojević, D., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E., Seth, A., et al. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab45ec · Cited by 17
“Thanks to Gaia, the orbits of the UFDs are now constrained (e.g., Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018), and Tucana III is unambiguously suffering substantial stripping (Shipp et al. 2018; Li et al. 2018; Erkal et al. 2018), with its orbital pericenter of only ∼ 3 kpc (Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOn the Origins of Extreme Velocity Stars as Revealed by Large-scale Galactic Surveys
Li, Q., Huang, Y., Dong, X.-B., Zhang, H., Beers, T. C., & Yuan, Z. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acd1dc · Cited by 27
“…clusters with [Fe/H] from Harris (2010), radial velocities from Vasiliev (2019), proper motions from Vasiliev & Baumgardt (2021), and distances from Baumgardt & Vasiliev (2021); 39 dwarf galaxies with full 6D information from Fritz et al. (2018); and for the LMC and SMC (Patel et al. 2020).”
BackgroundThree-dimensional structure of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal core from RR Lyrae
Ferguson, P. S., & Strigari, L. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1404 · Cited by 21
“The mean proper motion of the Sagittarius component is consistent with the results of Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018b) and Fritz et al. (2018).”
ResultSantos-Santos, I., Domínguez-Tenreiro, R., Artal, H., Pedrosa, S., Bignone, L., Martínez-Serrano, F. J., Gómez-Flechoso, M. Á., Tissera, P. B., & Serna, A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7f29 · Cited by 21
“…a uniform distribution of orbital poles, and a yellow vertical line is depicted at =DA 36.87, which encloses 10%29 of the sphere surface: this is the angle around the VPOS within which it is considered in Fritz et al. (2018) that MW satellites co-orbit (40% of MW satellites co-orbit; see Paper I).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRichstein, H., Patel, E., Kallivayalil, N., Simon, J. D., Zivick, P., Tollerud, E. J., Fritz, T. K., Warfield, J. T., Besla, G., van der Marel, R. P., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7226 · Cited by 20
“…thus we did not perform separate calculations here because the PM error space is by far the dominant source of measurement uncertainties. providing a possible explanation for its puffed up morphology (Torrealba et al. 2016; Caldwell et al. 2017; Fritz et al. 2018; Fu et al. 2019; Ji et al. 2021).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAntlia 2’s Role in Driving the Ripples in the Outer Gas Disk of the Galaxy
Chakrabarti, S., Chang, P., Price-Whelan, A. M., Read, J. I., Blitz, L., & Hernquist, L. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4659 · Cited by 20
“Analysis of recent observations (Fritz et al. 2018), and of recent cosmological simulations (Garrison-Kimmel et al. 2018; Samuel et al. 2019) suggests that there may be one (or more) dwarf galaxies now at apocenter, that suffered close approaches to the Galaxy.”
BackgroundInfluentialGaia EDR3 Proper Motions of Milky Way Dwarfs. II Velocities, Total Energy, and Angular Momentum
Hammer, F., Wang, J., Pawlowski, M. S., Yang, Y., Bonifacio, P., Li, H., Babusiaux, C., & Arenou, F. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac27a8 · Cited by 20
“The latter study encompassed the Gaia DR2 results from Fritz et al. (2018), gathering 36 dwarfs plus the Magellanic Clouds.”
Self-citationA portrait of the vast polar structure as a young phenomenon: Hints from its member satellites
Taibi, S., Pawlowski, M. S., Александрович, Х. С., Steinmetz, M., & Libeskind, N. I. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347473 · Cited by 19
Self-citationGoater, A., Read, J., Noël, N., Orkney, M. D. A., Kim, S. Y., Rey, M. P., Andersson, E. P., Agertz, O., Pontzen, A., Vieliute, R., et al. (2023) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3354 · Cited by 10
“However, the latest constraints on UFD orbits suggest that a number are tidally isolated at present (Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018; McConnachie & Venn 2020; Pace et al. 2022).”
BackgroundThe structure of accreted stellar streams
Qian, Y., Arshad, Y., & Bovy, J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac238 · Cited by 19
It’s a Breeze: The Circumgalactic Medium of a Dwarf Galaxy Is Easy to Strip
Zhu, J., Tonnesen, S. K., Bryan, G. L., & Putman, M. E. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6c3f · Cited by 18
“85 for infalling satellites in cosmological simulations (Wetzel 2011), resulting in a pericentric distance of R peri = 40 kpc, which agrees well with observed MW infalling dwarf satellites (Fritz et al. 2018; Putman et al. 2021).”
Mart'inez-V'azquez, C., Monelli, M., Cassisi, S., Taibi, S., Gallart, C., Vivas, A. K., Walker, A., Martín-Ravelo, P., Zenteno, A., Battaglia, G., et al. (2021) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2493 · Cited by 15
Self-citationSizing from the smallest scales: the mass of the Milky Way
Wimberly, M. K. R., Cooper, M. C., Baxter, D. C., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., Fillingham, S. P., Ji, A. P., Sales, L. V., & Simon, J. D. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1265 · Cited by 18
Li, H., Du, C., Ma, J., Shi, J., Newberg, H. J., & Yun-song Piao, A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac786d · Cited by 17
“We add Leo T, Pegasus III, Phoenix I (McConnachie & Venn 2020a), and Sgr (Fritz et al. 2018) to our dwarf galaxy sample.”
BackgroundSantistevan, I. B., Wetzel, A. R., Tollerud, E. J., Sanderson, R. E., Moreno, J., & Patel, E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3757 · Cited by 24
Measuring the Milky Way Vertical Potential with the Phase Snail in a Model-independent Way
Guo, R., Li, Z., Shen, J., Mao, S., & Liu, C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad037b · Cited by 20
“…studies of the Milky Way, tracers such as halo stars, stellar streams, globular clusters, and satellites have also been extensively utilized, especially to study the dark matter halo shape ( e.g., Fritz et al. 2018; Malhan & Ibata 2019; Hattori et al. 2021; Ibata et al. 2021; Bird et al. 2022 ) .”
BackgroundShen, X., Hopkins, P. F., Necib, L., Jiang, F., Boylan-Kolchin, M., & Wetzel, A. R. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad2fb1 · Cited by 17
Faint satellite population of the NGC-3175 Group – a Local Group analogue
Kondapally, R., Russell, G. A., Conselice, C. J., & Penny, S. J. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2333 · Cited by 16
“However, recent results from Gaia DR2 cast the existence of a plane of satellites into doubt for the LG (Fritz et al. 2018), and thus further work on this topic is needed.”
ResultDwarfs in the Milky Way halo outer rim: first infall or backsplash satellites?
Blaña, M., Burkert, A. M., Fellhauer, M., Schartmann, M., & Alig, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2153 · Cited by 18
Stellar proper motions in the outskirts of classical dwarf spheroidal galaxies withGaiaEDR3
Qi, Y., Zivick, P., Pace, A. B., Riley, A. H., & Strigari, L. E. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac805 · Cited by 17
The orbital evolution of UFDs and GCs in an evolving Galactic potential
Armstrong, B., Bekki, K., & Ludlow, A. D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3391 · Cited by 17
“…have lead to a surge of interest, and our understanding of these objects and their orbital histories has improved substantially over the past few years (e.g. Fritz et al. 2018; Kallivayalil et al. 2018; Massari & Helmi 2018; Simon 2018; Erkal & Belokurov 2020; Pace & Li 2019; Patel et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMethodThe tidal evolution of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal and its globular clusters
Borukhovetskaya, A., Errani, R., Navarro, J. F., Fattahi, A., & Santos-Santos, I. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2912 · Cited by 16
Pozo, A., Broadhurst, T. J., Martino, I. D., Chiueh, T., Smoot, G. F., Bonoli, S., & Angulo, R. E. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.043534 · Cited by 15
Wang, J., Hammer, F., Yang, Y., Pawlowski, M. S., Mamon, G. A., & Wang, H. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3651 · Cited by 15
Self-citationGalactic structure from binary pulsar accelerations: Beyond smooth models
Donlon, T., Chakrabarti, S., Widrow, L. M., Lam, M. T., Chang, P., & Quillen, A. C. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.023026 · Cited by 20
A DECam view of the diffuse dwarf galaxy Crater II: the colour–magnitude diagram
Walker, A. R., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., Monelli, M., Vivas, A. K., Bono, G., Gallart, C., Cassisi, S., Andreuzzi, G., Bernard, E. J., Dall’Ora, M., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2826 · Cited by 15
“…systemic proper motion, using a slightly larger sample of stars, is consistent within the errors with the two previous Gaia derived proper motions (Fritz et al. 2018: µα cos δ = -0.18 ± 0.06, µδ = -0.11 ± 0.03 from 58 Caldwell et al. 2017 spectroscopic members; Fu, Simon & Alarcón Jara 2019: µα…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLi, Z., Qian, Y.-Z., Han, J., Wang, W., & Jing, Y. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4f6d · Cited by 15
“In addition, the unprecedented precision of Gaia (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018a) has enabled better proper-motion measurement for the MW satellites (e.g., Fritz et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018b; Kallivayalil et al. 2018; Pace & Li 2019).”
BackgroundLeung, G. Y. C., Leaman, R., Battaglia, G., van de Ven, G., Brooks, A. M., Peñarrubia, J., & Venn, K. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3107 · Cited by 15
Self-citationFu, S. W., Weisz, D. R., Starkenburg, E., Martin, N. F., Ji, A. P., Patel, E., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Côté, P., Dolphin, A. E., Longeard, N., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3665 · Cited by 15
“The revised orbital history of Eri II from Gaia eDR3 proper motions is a departure from results of previous studies of Eri II, which suggested that Eri II has either completed multiple orbits around the MW (e.g., Li et al. 2017; Fritz et al. 2018) or is a backsplash galaxy (Buck et al. 2019).”
BackgroundResultDurbin, M., Choi, Y., Savino, A., Weisz, D. R., Dolphin, A. E., Dalcanton, J. J., Jeon, M., Kallivayalil, N., Li, T. S., Pace, A. B., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae00c8 · Cited by 14
“By using Gaia PM-based orbital histories, the MW UFDs have been classified into 3 kinematic groups (e.g., T. K. Fritz et al. 2018; N. Kallivayalil et al. 2018; E. Patel et al. 2020; A. B. Pace et al. 2022).”
Self-citationGuerra, J. J., Geha, M., & Strigari, L. E. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca8a5 · Cited by 14
“Ensemble proper motions are measured for many Milky Way satellites (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Simon et al. 2019; Fritz et al. 2018; McConnachie & Venn 2020), however, the number of individual stars with transverse (proper) motions in these systems remains small (Massari et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluence of local structure on relic neutrino abundances and anisotropies
Zimmer, F., Correa, C. A., & Ando, S. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/11/038 · Cited by 14
Efficient and Accurate Force Replay in Cosmological-baryonic Simulations
Arora, A., Sanderson, R. E., Regan, C., Garavito-Camargo, N., Bregou, E., Panithanpaisal, N., Wetzel, A. R., Cunningham, E. C., Loebman, S., Dropulic, A., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad88f0 · Cited by 14
“…data of the MW (e.g., Bovy & Rix 2013; McMil-lan 2017) and used to backward integrate the orbits of dwarf galaxies (e.g., Patel et al. 2016, 2018; Fritz et al. 2018), globular clusters (e.g., Pouliasis et al. 2017; Massari et al. 2019; Vasiliev 2019a), or stellar streams (e.g., Bonaca et al.…”
Stellar streams around the Magellanic Clouds in 4D
Navarrete, C., Belokurov, V. A., Catelan, M., Jethwa, P., Koposov, S. E., Carballo-Bello, J. A., Jofré, P., Erkal, D., Duffau, S., & Corral-Santana, J. M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3347 · Cited by 14
“Note that most recently, based on the newly proper motion measurements from Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Fritz et al. 2018a), the association to LMC of these dwarfs have been confirmed or disapproved, depending on the sample of member stars considered (see, e.g., Simon 2018;…”
BackgroundThe imprint of galaxy mergers on satellite planes in a cosmological context
Kanehisa, K. J., Pawlowski, M. S., & Müller, O. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1861 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, proper motions measured for many of the VPOS’s constituents point towards a common co-rotational motion alignedwith the plane (Metz et al. 2008; Pawlowski&Kroupa 2013; Fritz et al. 2018; Pawlowski& Kroupa 2020; Li et al. 2021a), and may reflect an inherent rotational stability.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarchi-Lasch, S., Muñoz, R. R., Santana, F. A., Carballo-Bello, J. A., Chanamé, J., Geha, M., Simon, J. D., Stetson, P. B., & Djorgovski, S. G. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab089c · Cited by 14
“In fact, the second data release of this mission has already provided us with very accurate proper motions for some satellite dwarf galaxies (Fritz et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Kallivayalil et al. 2018; Massari & Helmi 2018; Pace & Li 2018; Simon 2018) and inner halo GCs (Gaia…”
BackgroundColour and infall time distributions of satellite galaxies in simulated Milky-Way analogues
Pan, Y. X., Simpson, C. M., Kravtsov, A. V., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Manwadkar, V., & Esmerian, C. J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3663 · Cited by 13
Satellite group infall into the Milky Way: Exploring the Crater-Leo case with new HST proper motions
Júlio, M. P., Pawlowski, M. S., Sohn, S. T., Taibi, S., van der Marel, R. P., & McGaugh, S. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449985 · Cited by 13
Self-citationKanehisa, K. J., Pawlowski, M. S., Müller, O., & Sohn, S. T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad061 · Cited by 13
Self-citationUncovering the orbit of the hercules dwarf galaxy
Gregory, A. L., Collins, M., Erkal, D., Tollerud, E. J., Delorme, M., Hill, L., Sand, D. J., Strader, J., & Willman, B. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1553 · Cited by 13
“Fritz et al. (2018) identified 4 member stars from the SG07 and A09 datasets in Gaia DR2, from which they determine a proper motion for Hercules of µ∗α = −0.297 ± 0.118 mas yr−1, µδ = −0.329±0.094 mas yr−1, suggestive of an elliptical orbit with a pericentre of 14–20 kpc, depending on the Milky Way…”
BackgroundInfluentialA Rotating Satellite Plane around Milky Way–like Galaxy from the TNG50 Simulation
Xu, Y., Kang, X., & Libeskind, N. I. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace898 · Cited by 12
Hammer, F., Wang, J., Mamon, G. A., Pawlowski, M. S., Yang, Y., Jiao, Y., Li, H., Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., & Wang, H. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2922 · Cited by 12
Self-citationAndrade, K. E., Kaplinghat, M., & Valli, M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1716 · Cited by 12
Hayashi, K., & Obata, I. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2950 · Cited by 14
Mutlu-Pakdil, B., Sand, D. J., Crnojević, D., Olszewski, E. W., Zaritsky, D., Strader, J., Collins, M., Seth, A. C., & Willman, B. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb40b · Cited by 12
“G A ] 2 2 Ju l 2 2 Erkal et al. 2018; Carlin & Sand 2018; Fritz et al. 2018; Longeard et al. 2018; Mutlu-Pakdil et al. 2018; Fu et al. 2019, among others).”
MethodInfluentialAn estimate of the mass of the Milky Way from the Magellanic Stream
Craig, P., Chakrabarti, S., Baum, S. A., & Lewis, B. T. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2308 · Cited by 11
Rediscovery of the Sixth Star Cluster in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Wang, M., Koposov, S. E., Drlica-Wagner, A., Pieres, A., LI, T., de Boer, T., Bechtol, K., Belokurov, V. A., Pace, A., Bacon, D., et al. (2019) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 11
Orbital pericentres and the inferred dark matter halo structure of satellite galaxies
Robles, V. H., & Bullock, J. S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab829 · Cited by 11
“We then used published pericenter radii for the nine classical MW dSph galaxies from (Fritz et al. 2018) to infer tighter estimates on their maximum circular velocities today and prior infall (see Fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHubPUG : proper motions for local group dwarfs observed with HST utilizing Gaia as a reference frame
Warfield, J. T., Kallivayalil, N., Zivick, P., Fritz, T. K., Richstein, H., Sohn, S. T., del Pino, A., Savino, A., & Weisz, D. R. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3647 · Cited by 10
Self-citationSearching for correlations in Gaia DR2 unbound star trajectories
Montanari, F., Barrado, D., & García-Bellido, J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2959 · Cited by 10
The Challenge to MOND from Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies
Safarzadeh, M., & Loeb, A. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac07aa · Cited by 10
Cardona–Barrero, S., Battaglia, G., Nipoti, C., & Cintio, A. D. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1138 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fritz, T. K., Battaglia, G., Pawlowski, M. S., Kallivayalil, N., van der Marel, R., Sohn, S. T., Brook, C., & Besla, G.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 619
- Pages
- A103
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W4289328036
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 12
- FWCI
- 21.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1455260, CAREER)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (HST‐HF2‐51379.001‐A, NAS 526555)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 26555)
- European Space Agency
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AYA2014-56795-P, RYC-2012-11537)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way dwarf galaxies, proper motions, satellite kinematics, Gaia DR2, escape velocity, missing satellites problem, tidal interactions
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