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Gaia DR2 proper motions of dwarf galaxies within 420 kpc: Orbits, Milky Way mass, tidal influences, planar alignments, and group infall
Open accessAbstract
A proper understanding of the Milky Way (MW) dwarf galaxies in a cosmological context requires knowledge of their 3D velocities and orbits. However, proper motion (PM) measurements have generally been of limited accuracy and are available only for more massive dwarfs. We therefore present a new study of the kinematics of the MW dwarf galaxies. We use the Gaia DR2 for those dwarfs that have been spectroscopically observed in the literature. We derive systemic PMs for 39 galaxies and galaxy candidates out to 420 kpc, and generally find good consistency for the subset with measurements available from other studies. We derive the implied Galactocentric velocities, and calculate orbits in canonical MW halo potentials of low (0.8 × 10 12 M ⊙ ) and high mass (1.6 × 10 12 M ⊙ ). Comparison of the distributions of orbital apocenters and 3D velocities to the halo virial radius and escape velocity, respectively, suggests that the satellite kinematics are best explained in the high-mass halo. Tuc III, Crater II, and additional candidates have orbital pericenters small enough to imply significant tidal influences. Relevant to the missing satellite problem, the fact that fewer galaxies are observed to be near apocenter than near pericenter implies that there must be a population of distant dwarf galaxies yet to be discovered. Of the 39 dwarfs: 12 have orbital poles that do not align with the MW plane of satellites (given reasonable assumptions about its intrinsic thickness); 10 have insufficient PM accuracy to establish whether they align; and 17 satellites align, of which 11 are co-orbiting and (somewhat surprisingly, in view of prior knowledge) 6 are counter-orbiting. Group infall might have contributed to this, but no definitive association is found for the members of the Crater-Leo group.
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Citations
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Baryonic solutions and challenges for cosmological models of dwarf galaxies
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The hidden giant: discovery of an enormous Galactic dwarf satellite in Gaia DR2
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“Indeed, the orbit inferred from Gaia DR2 proper motions of Crater 2 is consistent with rperi 10 kpc (see e.g. Fritz et al. 2018), compatible with significant mass-loss.”
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“However, were we to include in the sample ultrafaint dwarf satellites, many of which have large proper motion errors (e.g. Fritz et al. 2018), then we would need to account for the additional bias introduced by the observational errors.”
BackgroundGravitational probes of dark matter physics
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NIHAO XV: the environmental impact of the host galaxy on galactic satellite and field dwarf galaxies
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialConstraining the Milky Way halo potential with the GD-1 stellar stream
Malhan, K., & Ibata, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1035 · Cited by 131
Phat ELVIS: The inevitable effect of the Milky Way’s disc on its dark matter subhaloes
Kelley, T., Bullock, J. S., Garrison-Kimmel, S., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Pawlowski, M. S., & Graus, A. S. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1553 · Cited by 136
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Patel, E., Kallivayalil, N., Garavito-Camargo, N., Besla, G., Weisz, D. R., van der Marel, R. P., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Pawlowski, M. S., & Gómez, F. A. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 129
Self-citationProper Motions, Orbits, and Tidal Influences of Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
Pace, A., Erkal, D., & Li, T. S. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac997b · Cited by 79
“Our mixture models did not return a confident signal in Psc II; however, there are known spectroscopic members identified in the Gaia catalog (Fritz et al. 2018a).”
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Libeskind, N. I., Carlesi, E., Grand, R. J. J., Khalatyan, A., Knebe, A., Pakmor, R., Pilipenko, S., Pawlowski, M. S., Sparre, M., Tempel, E., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2541 · Cited by 129
Self-citationFirst Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33
van der Marel, R. P., Fardal, M. A., Sohn, S. T., Patel, E., Besla, G., del Pino, A., Sahlmann, J., & Watkins, L. L. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab001b · Cited by 121
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Nishikawa, H., Boddy, K. K., & Kaplinghat, M. (2020) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.101.063009 · Cited by 119
Too big to fail in light of Gaia
Kaplinghat, M., Valli, M., & Yu, H.-B. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2511 · Cited by 116
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“Using the proper motions determined by Fritz et al. (2018), and the publicly available code galpy1 (Bovy 2015), we integrate the orbits of the dSphs adopting the static MWPotential14 model, which has been shown to be consistent with various observations (see Bovy 2015 for details).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLimit on the LMC mass from a census of its satellites
Erkal, D., & Belokurov, V. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1238 · Cited by 112
Detection of the Milky Way reflex motion due to the Large Magellanic Cloud infall
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Further evidence for a population of dark-matter-deficient dwarf galaxies
Guo, Q., Hu, H., Zheng, Z., Liao, S., Du, W., Mao, S., Jiang, L., Wang, J., Peng, Y., Gao, L., et al. (2019) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0930-9 · Cited by 110
Diversity of Dark Matter Density Profiles in the Galactic Dwarf Spheroidal Satellites
Hayashi, K., Chiba, M., & Ishiyama, T. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abbe0a · Cited by 125
“For the pericenter radius, we adopt the values presented by Fritz et al. (2018), which were estimated using the recent Gaia data (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018) and assuming a Milky Way potential model with a mass of 0.8×1012 Me.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-Interacting Dark Matter Subhalos in the Milky Way’s Tides
Sameie, O., Yu, H.-B., Sales, L. V., Vogelsberger, M., & Zavala, J. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.141102 · Cited by 99
Revised and New Proper Motions for Confirmed and Candidate Milky Way Dwarf Galaxies
McConnachie, A. W., & Venn, K. A. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4ab · Cited by 98
“There are a wealth of such studies in the literature; a comprehensive compilation of the known radial velocity publications for the satellites in this paper is given in Table 2 (see also Table 1 of Fritz et al. 2018).”
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Li, T. S., Ji, A. P., Pace, A. B., Erkal, D., Koposov, S. E., Shipp, N., Costa, G. S. D., Cullinane, L. R., Kuehn, K. W., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac46d3 · Cited by 96
“On the other hand, DGs show similar pile-ups around pericenter, but a deficiency near the apocenter of their orbits (e.g., Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018), indicating that a number of MW DG satellites near their apocenters may remain to be detected.”
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Errani, R., & Navarro, J. F. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1215 · Cited by 95
Kinematics of Antlia 2 and Crater 2 from the Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S 5)
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Proper Motions of Milky Way Ultra-faint Satellites with Gaia DR2 × DES DR1
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“A large fraction of Milky Way satellite galaxies have recently been determined (Fritz et al. 2018) to lie on a thin, co-rotating plane nearly perpendicular to the Milky Way’s stellar disk (Pawlowski & Kroupa 2013; Pawlowski & Kroupa 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialGaia EDR3 Proper Motions of Milky Way Dwarfs. I. 3D Motions and Orbits
Li, H., Hammer, F., Babusiaux, C., Pawlowski, M. S., Yang, Y., Arenou, F., Du, C., & Wang, J. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0436 · Cited by 97
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“…several observational reports of satellite galaxies being aligned in planes around their host galaxies (e.g., Tully et al. 2015; Müller et al. 2016; Fritz et al. 2018), multiple mini mergers building up such a disc would indeed appear possible, although we cannot yet comment on the probability of…”
BackgroundSelf-consistent modelling of the Milky Way’s nuclear stellar disc
Sormani, M. C., Sanders, J. L., Fritz, T. K., Smith, L. C., Gerhard, O., Schödel, R., Magorrian, J., Neumayer, N., Nogueras-Lara, F., Feldmeier-Krause, A., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac639 · Cited by 77
Self-citationMeasuring the Milky Way mass distribution in the presence of the LMC
Magnus, L. C., & Vasiliev, E. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3726 · Cited by 85
Diversity in density profiles of self-interacting dark matter satellite halos
Kahlhoefer, F., Kaplinghat, M., Slatyer, T. R., & Wu, C.-L. (2019) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/12/010 · Cited by 97
Dear Magellanic Clouds, welcome back!
Vasiliev, E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2612 · Cited by 82
Evidence of a population of dark subhaloes from Gaia and Pan-STARRS observations of the GD-1 stream
Banik, N., Bovy, J., Bertone, G., Erkal, D., & de Boer, T. J. L. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab210 · Cited by 80
“For each simulation, we took the current 6D phase space information of the satellites from Fritz et al. (2018) and sampled their proper motions, line-of-sight velocity, and distance from their uncertainties.”
MethodStellar streams in the Gaia era
Bonaca, A., & Price-Whelan, A. M. (2024) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101713 · Cited by 87
Signatures of Velocity-dependent Dark Matter Self-interactions in Milky Way-mass Halos
Nadler, E. O., Banerjee, A., Adhikari, S., Mao, Y.-Y., & Wechsler, R. H. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab94b0 · Cited by 77
“These results are interesting in light of recent high-precision measurements of the orbital properties of MW satellites enabled by Gaia (e.g., Fritz et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Simon 2018).”
ResultSamuel, J., Wetzel, A. R., Chapman, S., Tollerud, E. J., Hopkins, P. F., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bailin, J., & Faucher‐Giguère, C. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab955 · Cited by 77
Savino, A., Weisz, D., Skillman, E., Dolphin, A., Kallivayalil, N., Wetzel, A., Anderson, J., Besla, G., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac91cb · Cited by 49
“…is not possible to match in other environments (e.g., Willman et al. 2005; Kallivayalil et al. 2006, 2013; Belokurov et al. 2007; Besla et al. 2007; Simon & Geha 2007; Kirby et al. 2008; van der Marel & Kallivayalil 2014; Bechtol et al. 2015; Koposov et al. 2015; Fritz et al. 2018; Simon 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationProper Motions of Stellar Streams Discovered in the Dark Energy Survey
Shipp, N., Li, T. S., Pace, A., Erkal, D., Drlica-Wagner, A., Yanny, B., Belokurov, V., Wester, W., Koposov, S. E., Kuehn, K., et al. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab44bf · Cited by 56
“…III dwarf galaxy has been measured by several groups: Pace & Li (2019) find µα cos δ, µδ = −0.03 ± 0.04,−1.65 ± 0.04 mas/yr, Simon (2018) finds µα cos δ, µδ = −0.014 ± 0.038,−1.673 ± 0.040 mas/yr, and Fritz et al. (2018) find µα cos δ, µδ = −0.025 ± 0.034 ± 0.035,−1.661 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 mas/yr.”
InfluentialSoliton Random Walk and the Cluster-Stripping Problem in Ultralight Dark Matter
Schive, H.-Y., Chiueh, T., & Broadhurst, T. J. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.201301 · Cited by 72
The Effect of the LMC on the Milky Way System
Vasiliev, E. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11020059 · Cited by 84
Diversity in density profiles of self-interacting dark matter satellite halosPreprint
Kahlhoefer, F., Kaplinghat, M., Slatyer, T. R., & Wu, C.-L. (2019) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 77
Stellar dynamics and dark matter in Local Group dwarf galaxies
Battaglia, G., & Nipoti, C. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01638-7 · Cited by 83
Self-citationLuminosity Functions and Host-to-host Scatter of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
Carlsten, S. G., Greene, J. E., Peter, A. H. G., Beaton, R. L., & Greco, J. P. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd039 · Cited by 70
Updated Proper Motions for Local Group Dwarf Galaxies Using Gaia Early Data Release 3
McConnachie, A. W., & Venn, K. A. (2020) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abd18b · Cited by 67
“Keywords: Galaxy: halo — galaxies: dwarf — galaxies: general — Local Group Among its many transformational contributions, Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2; baseline 22 months; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018a) revolutionized our ability to measure the systemic proper motions of relatively distant Milky Way satellites (e.g., Ga…”
BackgroundSimon, J. D., Li, T. S., Erkal, D., Pace, A. B., Drlica-Wagner, A., James, D. J., Marshall, J. L., Bechtol, K., Hansen, T. T., Kuehn, K. W., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7ccb · Cited by 67
“These two satellites lessen the previously observed tendency of known ultra-faint dwarfs to be discovered near their pericenters (Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMilky Way dynamics in light of Gaia
Hunt, J. D., & Vasiliev, E. (2025) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2024.101721 · Cited by 87
The Milky Way’s halo and subhaloes in self-interacting dark matter
Robles, V. H., Kelley, T., Bullock, J. S., & Kaplinghat, M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2345 · Cited by 70
“We use the inferences of the pericenter values for the dSphs using Gaia data from Fritz et al. (2018) for their Milky Way halo mass of 8× 1012M , which is close to our simulated halo.”
MethodThe suppression of star formation on the smallest scales: what role does environment play?
Wimberly, M. K. R., Cooper, M. C., Fillingham, S. P., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., & Garrison-Kimmel, S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3357 · Cited by 65
Warm dark matter constraints using Milky Way satellite observations and subhalo evolution modeling
Dekker, A., Ando, S., Correa, C. A., & Ng, K. C. Y. (2022) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.106.123026 · Cited by 64
Constraining the Milky Way Mass Profile with Phase-space Distribution of Satellite Galaxies
Li, Z.-Z., Qian, Y.-Z., Han, J., Li, T. S., Wang, W., & Jing, Y. P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab84f0 · Cited by 77
“(1) Kallivayalil et al. (2018), (2) Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018b), (3) Fritz et al. (2018), (4) Simon (2018), (5) Pace & Li (2019), (6) Massari & Helmi (2018), (7) Torrealba et al. (2016b), (8) Dall’Ora et al. (2006), (9) Martin et al. (2008), (10) Koposov et al. (2011), (11) Kuehn et al.…”
Six More Ultra-faint Milky Way Companions Discovered in the DECam Local Volume Exploration Survey
Cerny, W., Mart'inez-V'azquez, C., Drlica-Wagner, A., Pace, A., Mutlu-Pakdİl, B., Li, T.-S., Riley, A., Crnojevi'c, D., Bom, C., Carballo-Bello, J., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdd78 · Cited by 48
“…substantial fraction of the observed Milky Way satellite galaxies have aligned orbital planes oriented nearly perpendicular to the Milky Way’s stellar disk (Pawlowski & Kroupa 2013, 2020), extending to the faintest galaxies (Fritz et al. 2018) with updated Gaia EDR3 proper motions (Li et al. 2021).”
BackgroundMethodMultiple chemodynamic stellar populations of the Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Pace, A. B., Kaplinghat, M., Kirby, E. N., Simon, J. D., Tollerud, E. J., Muñoz, R. R., Côté, P., Djorgovski, S. G., & Geha, M. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1419 · Cited by 60
“Our proper motion measurement agrees within the errors with previous Gaia DR2 measurements (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018b; Fritz et al. 2018).”
BackgroundResultAstrophysical tests of dark matter self-interactions
Adhikari, S., Banerjee, A., Boddy, K. K., Cyr-Racine, F.-Y., Desmond, H., Dvorkin, C., Jain, B., Kahlhoefer, F., Kaplinghat, M., Nierenberg, A., et al. (2025) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/m2vm-59y3 · Cited by 156
Radial Distributions of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
Carlsten, S., Greene, J., Peter, A., Greco, J., & Beaton, R. (2020) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb60b · Cited by 37
“The MW satellite list comes from McConnachie (2012) and uses distances from Fritz et al. (2018).”
BackgroundMicroarcsecond Astrometry: Science Highlights from Gaia
Brown, A. G. A. (2021) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112320-035628 · Cited by 64
The mass of our Galaxy from satellite proper motions in the Gaia era
Fritz, T. K., Cintio, A. D., Battaglia, G., Brook, C. B., & Taibi, S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1040 · Cited by 69
“For further details, see Fritz et al. (2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSnowmass2021 theory frontier white paper: Astrophysical and cosmological probes of dark matter
Boddy, K. K., Lisanti, M., McDermott, S. D., Rodd, N. L., Weniger, C., Ali-Haïmoud, Y., Buschmann, M., Cholis, I., Croon, D. L., Erickcek, A. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.06.005 · Cited by 90
Bica, E., Westera, P., Kerber, L. O., Dias, B., Maia, F. F. S., Santos, J. F. C., Jr., Barbuy, B., & Oliveira, R. A. P. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab6595 · Cited by 56
Forward-modelling the luminosity, distance, and size distributions of the Milky Way satellites
Manwadkar, V., & Kravtsov, A. V. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2452 · Cited by 57
Sacchi, E., Richstein, H., Kallivayalil, N., van der Marel, R., Libralato, M., Zivick, P., Besla, G., Brown, T. M., Choi, Y., Deason, A. J., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac2aa3 · Cited by 53
Self-citationGaia DR 2 and VLT/FLAMES search for new satellites of the LMC
Fritz, T. K., Carrera, R., Battaglia, G., & Taibi, S. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833458 · Cited by 61
“We used the same generous 2σ criterion as in Fritz et al. (2018a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Mass of the Milky Way from the H3 Survey
Shen, J., Eadie, G. M., Murray, N., Zaritsky, D., Speagle, J. S., Ting, Y.-S., Conroy, C., Cargile, P. A., Johnson, B. D., Naidu, R. P., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3a7a · Cited by 63
“The second data set consists of 32 dwarf galaxies with complete data (see Fritz et al. 2018; Riley et al. 2019; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2021, and references therein), analyzed in Slizewski et al. (2021).”
BackgroundMethodAndromeda XXI – a dwarf galaxy in a low-density dark matter halo
Collins, M., Read, J. I., Ibata, R., Rich, R. M., Martin, N. F., Peñarrubia, J., Chapman, S. C., Tollerud, E. J., & Weisz, D. R. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1624 · Cited by 48
Tarumi, Y., Yoshida, N., & Frebel, A. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac024e · Cited by 50
The JWST Resolved Stellar Populations Early Release Science Program. II. Survey Overview
Weisz, D. R., McQuinn, K. B. W., Savino, A., Kallivayalil, N., Anderson, J., Boyer, M. L., Correnti, M., Geha, M., Dolphin, A. E., Sandstrom, K. M., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acdcfd · Cited by 49
Self-citationTracing satellite planes in the Sculptor group
Martínez‐Delgado, D., Makarov, D. I., Javanmardi, B., Pawlowski, M. S., Makarova, L. N., Donatiello, G., Lang, D., Román, J., Vivas, K., & Carballo-Bello, J. A. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141242 · Cited by 49
Self-citationCerny, W., Pace, A., Drlica-Wagner, A., Koposov, S. E., Vivas, A. K., Mau, S., Riley, A., Bom, C., Carlin, J., Choi, Y., et al. (2021) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac2d9a · Cited by 38
Satellite dwarf galaxies: stripped but not quenched
Hausammann, L., Revaz, Y., & Jablonka, P. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834871 · Cited by 46
“…of dwarf galaxies based on the Gaia DR2 (Fritz et al. 2018), confirming earlier studies (Piatek et al. 2003, 2007), classical dwarfs such as Carina, Sextans and Sculptor have orbits with perigalacticon between 40 and 120 kpc and apogalacticon between 90 and 270 kpc (Fritz et al. 2018).”
MethodInfluentialComparing the Quenching Times of Faint M31 and Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
Weisz, D. R., Martin, N. F., Dolphin, A. E., Albers, S. M., Collins, M., Ferguson, A. M. N., Lewis, G. F., Mackey, D., McConnachie, A. W., Rich, R. M., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab4b52 · Cited by 47
“More recently, their orbital histories, as measured by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Gaia, reveal the complex effects of central galaxies on the evolution of low-mass satellites (e.g., Sohn et al. 2012; Fritz et al. 2018; Simon 2018).”
BackgroundEvolution of galactic planes of satellites in the eagle simulation
Shao, S., Cautun, M., & Frenk, C. S. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1741 · Cited by 46
Cerny, W., Simon, J., Li, T.-S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Pace, A., Mart'inez-V'azquez, C., Riley, A., Mutlu-Pakdİl, B., Mau, S., Ferguson, P., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca1c3 · Cited by 39
“Our discovery of Pegasus IV in a previously-surveyed region of the sky may support the hypothesis that the dearth of known Milky Way satellite galaxies observed near their apocenters (f ∼ 1) is an observational selection effect (e.g., Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018; Li et al. 2021b).”
BackgroundMethodCerny, W., Pace, A., Drlica-Wagner, A., Ferguson, P., Mau, S., Adamów, M., Carlin, J., Choi, Y., Erkal, D., Johnson, L., et al. (2020) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe1af · Cited by 34
Eridanus II: A Fossil from Reionization with an Off-center Star Cluster
Simon, J. D., Brown, T. M., Drlica-Wagner, A., Li, T. S., Avila, R. J., Bechtol, K., Clementini, G., Crnojević, D., Garofalo, A., Geha, M., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd31b · Cited by 46
Very Large Telescope Spectroscopy of Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies. I. Boötes I, Leo IV, and Leo V
Jenkins, S., Li, T. S., Pace, A. B., Ji, A. P., Koposov, S. E., & Mutlu-Pakdı̇l, B. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1353 · Cited by 46
Motivations for a large self-interacting dark matter cross-section from Milky Way satellites
Silverman, M., Bullock, J. S., Kaplinghat, M., Robles, V. H., & Valli, M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3232 · Cited by 45
Dynamical Histories of the Crater II and Hercules Dwarf Galaxies
Fu, S. W., Simon, J. D., & Jara, A. G. A. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3658 · Cited by 45
“We compare our proper motion measurement to those of Fritz et al. (2018) and Kallivayalil et al. (2018) in Figure 3(a), and find that our measurements are in good agreement with F18.”
BackgroundResultA Diffuse Metal-poor Component of the Sagittarius Stream Revealed by the H3 Survey
Johnson, B. D., Conroy, C., Naidu, R. P., Bonaca, A., Zaritsky, D., Ting, Y.-S., Cargile, P. A., Han, J., & Speagle, J. S. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abab08 · Cited by 44
“We note first that the stream stars in H3 are offset with respect to the observed remnant (Fritz et al. 2018).”
BackgroundThe bursty star formation history of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy revealed with the HST
Rusakov, V., Monelli, M., Gallart, C., Fritz, T. K., Ruiz-Lara, T., Bernard, E. J., & Cassisi, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab006 · Cited by 52
“For the properties of Fornax we use the Gaia proper motion of Fritz et al. (2018) (but note that the proper motion of Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018 is very similar when compared with the systematic error of 0.035 mas yr−1).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPhase-Space Correlations among Systems of Satellite Galaxies
Pawlowski, M. S. (2021) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies9030066 · Cited by 42
“Gaia DR2 proper motions confirmed these findings for the 11 classical satellite galaxies [58] but were initially less clear for the fainter systems due to the, in part, very large proper motion uncertainties (see Figure 3 in [44]).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationZoutendijk, S. L., Brinchmann, J., Boogaard, L., Gunawardhana, M. L. P., Husser, T.-O., Kamann, S., Padilla, A. F. R., Roth, M. M., Bacon, R. M., den Brok, M., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936155 · Cited by 8
“Considering this dwarf galaxy is at a large distance from the Milky Way and that it is currently near its pericen-tre (Fritz et al. 2018), the tidal influence from the Milky Way is small.”
BackgroundWith and without spectroscopy: Gaia DR2 proper motions of seven ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
Massari, D., & Helmi, A. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833367 · Cited by 41
“When comparing our results to those of Simon (2018) and Fritz et al. (2018) for the sub-sample of UFDs in common, we find good agreement for Carina II and Reticulum-II, where small differences can be ascribed to the different sample of members used (ours not being limited to spectroscopic members…”
BackgroundResultThe velocity anisotropy of the Milky Way satellite system
Riley, A. H., Fattahi, A., Pace, A. B., Strigari, L. E., Frenk, C. S., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., Navarro, J. F., Pakmor, R., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz973 · Cited by 43
“Properties of the satellites used in this analysis: RA, Dec, absolute magnitude, heliocentric distance, line-of-sight velocity, proper motion from Fritz et al. (2018), proper motion for the “gold” sample described in Section 2.2, and study used for the “gold” PM.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBreaking a dark degeneracy: The gamma-ray signature of early matter domination
Delos, M. S., Linden, T., & Erickcek, A. L. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.123546 · Cited by 41
Magellanic satellites in ΛCDM cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of the Local Group
Santos-Santos, I., Fattahi, A., Sales, L. V., & Navarro, J. F. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1020 · Cited by 41
The Clustering of Orbital Poles Induced by the LMC: Hints for the Origin of Planes of Satellites
Garavito-Camargo, N., Patel, E., Besla, G., Price-Whelan, A. M., Gómez, F. A., Laporte, C. F. P., & Johnston, K. V. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2c05 · Cited by 41
“…with controversy, recent astrometric measurements (Piatek et al. 2003, 2005, 2007; Pryor et al. 2015; Kallivayalil et al. 2013; Sohn et al. 2017; Fritz et al. 2018) have confirmed that more than half of the classical satellites of the MW and some of the more recently discovered ultra-faint…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGallart, C., Monelli, M., Ruiz-Lara, T., Calamida, A., Cassisi, S., Cignoni, M., Anderson, J., Battaglia, G., Bermejo-Climent, J. R., Bernard, E. J., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abddbe · Cited by 40
Self-citationThe Most Metal-poor Stars in the Magellanic Clouds Are r-process Enhanced*
Reggiani, H., Schlaufman, K. C., Casey, A. R., Simon, J. D., & Ji, A. P. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1f9a · Cited by 43
“…that have well-defined apocenters and therefore have been inside the Milky Way’s virial radius for a few orbital periods and thus several Gyr (e.g., Fritz et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Simon 2018), the orbits of the LMC and SMC support the idea that they only recently entered the…”
BackgroundA CEMP-no star in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Pisces II
Spite, M., Spite, F., François, P., Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., & Salvadori, S. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833548 · Cited by 39
“…Data Release 2 (DR2) (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2016, 2018; Arenou et al. 2018), it is possible in some Local Group galaxies to use the proper motions and even the parallaxes of the stars to confirm that they are true members (e.g. Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018; Simon 2018; Fritz et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Fritz, T. K., Battaglia, G., Pawlowski, M. S., Kallivayalil, N., van der Marel, R., Sohn, S. T., Brook, C., & Besla, G.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 619
- Pages
- A103
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W4289328036
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 12
- FWCI
- 21.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1455260, CAREER)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (HST‐HF2‐51379.001‐A, NAS 526555)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NAS5- 26555, 26555)
- European Space Agency
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AYA2014-56795-P, RYC-2012-11537)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way dwarf galaxies, proper motions, satellite kinematics, Gaia DR2, escape velocity, missing satellites problem, tidal interactions
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