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Gaia Data Release 3: Properties and validation of the radial velocities
Open accessAbstract
Context. Gaia Data Release 3 ( Gaia DR3) contains the second release of the combined radial velocities. It is based on the spectra collected during the first 34 months of the nominal mission. The longer time baseline and the improvements of the pipeline made it possible to push the processing limit from G RVS = 12 in Gaia DR2 to G RVS = 14 mag. Aims. We describe the new functionalities implemented for Gaia DR3, the quality filters applied during processing and post-processing, and the properties and performance of the published velocities. Methods. For Gaia DR3, several functionalities were upgraded or added to the spectroscopic pipeline. The calibrations were improved in order to better model the temporal evolution of the straylight and of the instrumental point spread function (PSF). The overlapped spectra, which were mostly discarded in Gaia DR2, are now handled by a dedicated module. The hot star template mismatch, which prevented publication of hot stars in Gaia DR2, is largely mitigated now, down to G RVS = 12 mag. The combined radial velocity of stars brighter than or equal to G RVS = 12 mag is calculated in the same way as in Gaia DR2, that is, as the median of the epoch radial velocity time series. The combined radial velocity of the fainter stars is measured from the average of the cross-correlation functions. Results. Gaia DR3 contains the combined radial velocities of 33 812 183 stars. With respect to Gaia DR2, the temperature interval has been expanded from T eff ∈ [3600, 6750] K to T eff ∈ [3100, 14 500] K for the bright stars ( G RVS ≤ 12 mag) and [3100, 6750] K for the fainter stars. The radial velocities sample a significant part of the Milky Way: they reach a few kiloparsecs beyond the Galactic centre in the disc and up to about 10−15 kpc vertically into the inner halo. The median formal precision of the velocities is 1.3 km s −1 at G RVS = 12 and 6.4 km s −1 at G RVS = 14 mag. The velocity zeropoint exhibits a small systematic trend with magnitude that starts around G RVS = 11 mag and reaches about 400 m s −1 at G RVS = 14 mag. A correction formula is provided that can be applied to the published data. The Gaia DR3 velocity scale agrees satisfactorily with APOGEE, GALAH, GES, and RAVE; the systematic differences mostly remain below a few hundred m s −1 . The properties of the radial velocities are also illustrated with specific objects: open clusters, globular clusters, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. For example, the precision of the data allows mapping the line-of-sight rotational velocities of the globular cluster 47 Tuc and of the Large Magellanic Cloud.
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“The Gaia mission (Gaia Collaboration et al., 2016), launched in December 2013, measures parallaxes and proper motions for ∼ 1 . 5 billion stars, with parallax precision σϖ ≈ 0 . 01-0 . 1 mas, and radial velocities for ∼ 33 million objects in DR3 (Katz et al., 2023).”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Katz et al., 2023
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In the citing paper
“Gaia DR3 parallax precision depends on magnitude, colour, position, scanning law, and source quality; a single polynomial in G does not describe the catalogue.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Katz et al., 2023
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A census of the nearby Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream
Röser, S., & Schilbach, E. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037691 · Cited by 9
The cosmic waltz of Coma Berenices and Latyshev 2 (Group X)
Olivares, J., Lodieu, N., Béjar, V. J. S., Martín, E. L., Žerjal, M., & Galli, P. A. B. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244703 · Cited by 9
The Galactic bulge exploration
Prudil, Z., Smolec, R., Kunder, A., Koch, A., & Dékány, I. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347340 · Cited by 9
Zhang, Z., Ren, Y., Jiang, B., Soszyński, I., & Jayasinghe, T. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad46fe · Cited by 9
Characterization of high-velocity stars in the S-PLUS internal fourth data release
Quispe-Huaynasi, F., Roig, F., Placco, V. M., Silva, L. J. B. E., Daflon, S., Pereira, C. B., Kanaan, A., de Oliveira, C. M., Ribeiro, T., & Schoenell, W. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3610 · Cited by 8
Update of SB9 orbits using HERMES/Mercator radial velocities
Merle, T., Pourbaix, D., Jorissen, A., SIOPIS, C. V., Eck, S. V., & Winckel, H. V. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345918 · Cited by 8
Bernet, M., Ramos, P., Antoja, T., Monari, G., & Famaey, B. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348410 · Cited by 8
Self-citationA fast-rotating blue straggler star in the tidal tail of the open cluster NGC 752
Li, C., Zhong, J., Qin, S., Jiang, D., Shan, X., & Chen, L. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449393 · Cited by 8
Das, P. K., Zucker, D. B., Silva, G. M. D., Borsato, N. W., Mura-Guzmán, A., Buder, S., Ness, M., Nordlander, T., Casey, A. R., Martell, S. L., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf169 · Cited by 8
Testing the mass-radius relation of white dwarfs in common proper-motion pairs
Raddi, R., Rebassa-Mansergas, A., Torres, S., Camisassa, M. E., Napiwotzki, R., Koester, D., Tremblay, P.-E., Heber, U., & Althaus, L. G. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452135 · Cited by 8
The Gaia spectroscopic catalogue of exoplanets and host stars
de Laverny, P., Ligi, R., Crida, A., Recio-Blanco, A., & Palicio, P. A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554739 · Cited by 8
Geha, M., Pelliccia, D., Prochaska, J. X., Cerny, W., Davies, F. B., Hennawi, J. F., Holden, B. P., Reichwein, D., & Westfall, K. B. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae290d · Cited by 8
The messy merger of a large satellite and a Milky Way-like galaxy
Koppelman, H. H., Bos, R. O. Y., & Helmi, A. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038652/pdf · Cited by 8
Cluster aggregates surrounding Pismis 5 in the Vela molecular ridge
Qin, M., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Song, F., Hu, Q., Wang, H., Ma, S., & Lü, G. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244737 · Cited by 8
Rowan, D. M., Thompson, T. A., Jayasinghe, T., Kochanek, C. S., & Stanek, K. Z. (2024) · The Open Journal of Astrophysics · doi:10.33232/001c.116170 · Cited by 8
The “C”: The large Chameleon-Musca-Coalsack cloud
Edenhofer, G., Alves, J., Zucker, C., Posch, L., & Enßlin, T. A. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450374 · Cited by 8
Mining the GALAH Data. I. Study of Five Super Lithium-rich Metal-poor Giants
Susmitha, A., Mallick, A., & Reddy, B. E. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad35b9 · Cited by 9
A Blueprint for the Milky Way’s Stellar Populations. V. 3D Local Dust Extinction
An, D., Beers, T. C., & Chiti, A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad3641 · Cited by 8
Trojan Globular Clusters: Radial Migration via Trapping in Bar Resonances
Dillamore, A. M., Monty, S., Belokurov, V. A., & Evans, N. W. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad60c8 · Cited by 8
The Multiple Extended Tidal Tails of NGC 288
Grillmair, C. J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ada2ea · Cited by 8
BCD Spectrophotometry and Rotation of Active B-Type Stars: Theory and Observations
Zorec, J. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11020054 · Cited by 8
Self-citationTIC 184 743 498: the first tri-axial stellar pulsator
Zhang, V., Rappaport, S., Jayaraman, R., Kurtz, D. W., Handler, G., Fuller, J., & Borkovits, T. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae010 · Cited by 8
The reduced proper motion selected halo: Methods and description of the catalogue
Koppelman, H. H., & Helmi, A. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038178/pdf · Cited by 8
Röser, S., & Schilbach, E. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 8
KOBE-1: The first planetary system from the KOBE survey
Balsalobre-Ruza, O., Lillo-Box, J., Silva, A. M., Grouffal, S., Aceituno, J., Castro-González, A., Cifuentes, C., Standing, M. R., Faria, J. P., Figueira, P., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452631 · Cited by 7
47 Tuc in Rubin Data Preview 1. Exploring Early LSST Data and Science Potential
Choi, Y., Olsen, K. A. G., Carlin, J. L., Wang, Y., Moolekamp, F., Saha, A., Sullivan, I. S., Slater, C. T., Tucker, D. L., Adair, C. L., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adfb70 · Cited by 7
Dormant black hole candidates from Gaia DR3 summary diagnostics
Müller-Horn, J., Rix, H., El-Badry, K., Pennell, B., Green, M., Li, J., & Seeburger, R. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557587 · Cited by 7
Space astrometry with Gaia: Advances in understanding our Galaxy
Perryman, M. A. C. (2025) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2025.09.004 · Cited by 11
Mapping the Distant and Metal-poor Milky Way with SDSS-V
Chandra, V., Cargile, P. A., Ji, A. P., Conroy, C., Rix, H., Cunningham, E. C., Dias, B., Laporte, C. F. P., Cerny, W., Limberg, G., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae448a · Cited by 13
TheGaia-ESO Survey DR5.1 andGaiaDR3 GSP-Spec: a comparative analysis
der Swaelmen, M. V., Vázquez, C. V., Magrini, L., Recio-Blanco, A., Palicio, P. A., Worley, C. C., Vallenari, A., Spina, L., François, P., Tautvaišienė, G., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450357 · Cited by 7
Relation between the geometric shape and rotation of Galactic globular clusters
Reyes, M. C., & Anderson, R. I. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450536 · Cited by 7
Hocdé, V., Moskalik, P., Gorynya, N. A., Smolec, R., Rathour, R. S., & Ziółkowska, O. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347798 · Cited by 7
Unveiling Subarcsecond Multiplicity in the Pleiades with Gaia Multicolor Photometry
Chulkov, D. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad7025 · Cited by 7
Unveiling the binary nature of NGC 2323
Qin, S., Zhong, J., Tang, T., Jiang, Y., Wang, L., Wu, K., Anders, F., Balaguer-Núñez, L., 刘, G. 桂. L., Li, C., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452962 · Cited by 7
Kinematics of main-sequence stars from the Gaia DR2 and PMA proper motions
Velichko, A. B., Fedorov, P. N., & Akhmetov, V. S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa825 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Katz, D., Sartoretti, P., Guerrier, A., Panuzzo, P., Seabroke, G. M., Thévenin, F., Cropper, M., Benson, K., Blomme, R., Haigron, R., Marchal, O., Smith, M., Baker, S., Chemin, L., Damerdji, Y., David, M., Dolding, C., Frémat, Y., Gosset, E., Janßen, K., Jasniewicz, G., Lobel, A., Plum, G., Samaras, N., Snaith, O., Soubiran, C., Vanel, O., Zwitter, T., Antoja, T., Arenou, F., Babusiaux, C., Brouillet, N., Caffau, E., Di Matteo, P., Fabre, C., Fabricius, C., Fragkoudi, F., Haywood, M., Huckle, H. E., Hottier, C., Lasne, Y., Leclerc, N., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Royer, F., Teyssier, D., Zorec, J., Crifo, F., Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A., Turon, C., & Viala, Y.
- ORCID
- Katz, D.
- Sartoretti, P.
- Guerrier, A.
- Panuzzo, P.
- Seabroke, G. M.
- Thévenin, F.
- Cropper, M.
- Benson, K.
- Blomme, R.
- Marchal, O.
- Baker, S.
- Chemin, L.
- Damerdji, Y.
- David, M.
- Frémat, Y.
- Gosset, E.
- Janßen, K.
- Lobel, A.
- Samaras, N.
- Snaith, O.
- Soubiran, C.
- Vanel, O.
- Zwitter, T.
- Antoja, T.
- Arenou, F.
- Babusiaux, C.
- Brouillet, N.
- Caffau, E.
- Di Matteo, P.
- Fabricius, C.
- Fragkoudi, F.
- Haywood, M.
- Hottier, C.
- Leclerc, N.
- Mastrobuono-Battisti, A.
- Royer, F.
- Teyssier, D.
- Zorec, J.
- Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A.
- Turon, C.
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 674
- Pages
- A5
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W3098034015
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 52
- FWCI
- 22.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (299543, CEX2019-000918-M)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, LP2014-17, 299543)
- UK Space Agency (ST/N000641/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/K000756/1)
- European Space Agency (65316, 4000115263/15/NL/IB)
- University of Cambridge
- University of Leicester
- University College London
- European Commission (FP7-SPACE-2013-1, 895174, 320360, 2014‐2020, 10.13039/501100011033, TIN2015-65316-P, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, 13039/501100011033, 255267, 501100011033, HORIZON2020, 745617, 647208, 682115, 606740, 264895, /AEI/10.13039/501100011033, 695099, 101004214, 951549, 716155, 687378, 834148, RTI2018-095076-B-C21)
- European Science Foundation
- University of Edinburgh
- University of Bristol
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA18104)
- Science Foundation Ireland
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE31-0007, 2017-, ANR-19-CE31-0017, ANR-10-IDEX-0001, ANR‐19, ANR-10-IDEX0001-02., ANR-15-CE31-0012, ANR18, ANR-10-IDEX, ANR-14-CE33-0014, 0014-01, ANR-10, IDEX-0001-02, 834148, ANR-18-CE31-0006, ANR-14-CE33)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (137523, 65316, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02, 121059, 194638)
- Swedish National Space Agency
- Academy of Finland (325805, 328654, #307157, #299543, 336546, 345115, 128840)
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
- Generalitat de Catalunya (10.13039/501100011033, 2014-SGR-1051, 501100011033, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, CEX2019-000918-M, TIN2015-65316)
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (682115, IN2P3)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO-M-614.061.414)
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (DL 57/2016, LP2014-17, LP2018-7, KKP-137523)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (I/037/08/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, 025-R.1.2015, I/008/10/0, 2018-24-HH.0, 2014-025-R.0, 2019-3, 2014-049-R.0, I/058/10/0)
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Magnus Ehrnroothin Säätiö (2014-025-R.0)
- Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (P1-0188)
- Tel Aviv University
- Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki (DIR/WK/2018/12, 2014-2020, 2016-17, DL 57/2016)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (IJC2019-04862-I, MICIN AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, .13039/501100011033, 10.13039, IJC2019-04862-, 2016-17, / AEI/10, TIN2015-65316P, TIN2015-65316, 10.13039/501100011033/, CEX2019-000918- M, 501100011033, CEX2019, RYC2018-025968-I, /AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033)
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (I/008/10/0, 2016-17-I.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, KKP-137523, 2014-049-R.0/1/2, 2014-025-R.0, 2013/030/I.0)
- Universitat de Barcelona (CEX2019-000918-M)
- Université de Bordeaux (ANR-10-IDEX)
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- Xunta de Galicia (ED481A, ED431G, ED431B)
- Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal (KKP137523)
- Université de Franche-Comté
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
- Observatoire de Paris, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (UIDB/04434/2020, ST/L006561/1, ST/S001980/1, UIDP/04434/2020, /10.13039/501100011033, IN2P3, ST/S000984/1, DIR/WK/2018/12, ST/S001948/1, ST/T00147X/1, ST/X005933/1, ST/S002103/1)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (DL-57/2016, 01-0145, UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389, 57/2016, POCI-01-0145, PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, 2019-3, UIDP/04434/2020, UIDB/04434/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-, COMPETE_2020, POCI-01-, 10.13039/501100011033, /2017, DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0006, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- European Regional Development Fund (2014-2020’, POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 030389, POCI-01, 10.13039/501100011033, UIDP/04434/2020, 13039/501100011033, COMPETE2020, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, UIDB/04434/2020, AEI/10.13039/501100011033, RYC2018-025968-I, CEX2019-000918-M, 501100011033, DL 57/2016, RTI2018, 57/ 2016, PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, RTI2018-095076-B-C21, POCI-01-0145- FEDER, AyA2017-84089)
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI//10.13039/501100011033/, 501100011033, RYC2018-025968-I, 10.13039/501100011033, 13039, CEX2019-000918-M, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, .13039/501100011033, IJC2019-04862-I, 10.13039, AEI/10, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (CEX2019–000918–M)
- Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen, Technische Universität Dresden
- HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science
- European Social Fund (MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, 20142020, DL 57/2016, ED431G-2019/01, ED481A-2019/155, 501100011033, AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- FP7 Space
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Gaia DR3, radial velocity, Gaia RVS, stellar spectroscopy, cross correlation function, hot stars, Milky Way kinematics, stellar populations, stellar effective temperature, Galactic halo, Galactic disc, stellar distances, stellar parallax
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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