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Gaia Data Release 3: Properties and validation of the radial velocities
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Context. Gaia Data Release 3 ( Gaia DR3) contains the second release of the combined radial velocities. It is based on the spectra collected during the first 34 months of the nominal mission. The longer time baseline and the improvements of the pipeline made it possible to push the processing limit from G RVS = 12 in Gaia DR2 to G RVS = 14 mag. Aims. We describe the new functionalities implemented for Gaia DR3, the quality filters applied during processing and post-processing, and the properties and performance of the published velocities. Methods. For Gaia DR3, several functionalities were upgraded or added to the spectroscopic pipeline. The calibrations were improved in order to better model the temporal evolution of the straylight and of the instrumental point spread function (PSF). The overlapped spectra, which were mostly discarded in Gaia DR2, are now handled by a dedicated module. The hot star template mismatch, which prevented publication of hot stars in Gaia DR2, is largely mitigated now, down to G RVS = 12 mag. The combined radial velocity of stars brighter than or equal to G RVS = 12 mag is calculated in the same way as in Gaia DR2, that is, as the median of the epoch radial velocity time series. The combined radial velocity of the fainter stars is measured from the average of the cross-correlation functions. Results. Gaia DR3 contains the combined radial velocities of 33 812 183 stars. With respect to Gaia DR2, the temperature interval has been expanded from T eff ∈ [3600, 6750] K to T eff ∈ [3100, 14 500] K for the bright stars ( G RVS ≤ 12 mag) and [3100, 6750] K for the fainter stars. The radial velocities sample a significant part of the Milky Way: they reach a few kiloparsecs beyond the Galactic centre in the disc and up to about 10−15 kpc vertically into the inner halo. The median formal precision of the velocities is 1.3 km s −1 at G RVS = 12 and 6.4 km s −1 at G RVS = 14 mag. The velocity zeropoint exhibits a small systematic trend with magnitude that starts around G RVS = 11 mag and reaches about 400 m s −1 at G RVS = 14 mag. A correction formula is provided that can be applied to the published data. The Gaia DR3 velocity scale agrees satisfactorily with APOGEE, GALAH, GES, and RAVE; the systematic differences mostly remain below a few hundred m s −1 . The properties of the radial velocities are also illustrated with specific objects: open clusters, globular clusters, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. For example, the precision of the data allows mapping the line-of-sight rotational velocities of the globular cluster 47 Tuc and of the Large Magellanic Cloud.
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“The Gaia mission (Gaia Collaboration et al., 2016), launched in December 2013, measures parallaxes and proper motions for ∼ 1 . 5 billion stars, with parallax precision σϖ ≈ 0 . 01-0 . 1 mas, and radial velocities for ∼ 33 million objects in DR3 (Katz et al., 2023).”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Katz et al., 2023
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In the citing paper
“Gaia DR3 parallax precision depends on magnitude, colour, position, scanning law, and source quality; a single polynomial in G does not describe the catalogue.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Katz et al., 2023
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Metallicity distributions of halo stars: do they trace the Galactic accretion history?
Mori, A., Matteo, P. D., Salvadori, S., Александрович, Х. С., Pagnini, G., & Haywood, M. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449291 · Cited by 42
Self-citationMapping dark matter in the Milky Way using normalizing flows and Gaia DR3
Lim, S. H., Putney, E., Buckley, M. R., & Shih, D. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/01/021 · Cited by 34
On measuring the Galactic dark matter halo with hypervelocity stars
Contigiani, O., Rossi, E. M., & Marchetti, T. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1547 · Cited by 32
Spiral-like features in the disc revealed by Gaia DR3 radial actions
Palicio, P. A., Recio-Blanco, A., Poggio, E., Antoja, T., McMillan, P. J., & Spitoni, E. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245026 · Cited by 31
Self-citationMass-ratio distribution of contact binary stars
Pešta, M., & Pejcha, O. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245613 · Cited by 28
Gaia Data Release 3: Spectroscopic binary-star orbital solutions
Gosset, E., Damerdji, Y., Morel, T., Delchambre, L., Halbwachs, J. L., Sadowski, G., Pourbaix, D., Sozzetti, A., Panuzzo, P., & Arenou, F. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450600 · Cited by 27
Self-citationAbundances of neutron-capture elements in thin- and thick-disc stars in the solar neighbourhood
Tautvaišienė, G., Vázquez, C. V., Mikolaitis, Š., Stonkutė, E., Minkevičiūtė, R., Drazdauskas, A., & Bagdonas, V. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039979/pdf · Cited by 27
The tilt of the local velocity ellipsoid as seen by Gaia
Everall, A., Evans, N. W., Belokurov, V. A., & Schönrich, R. A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2217 · Cited by 26
Astrophysical properties of 15062 Gaia DR3 gravity-mode pulsators
Aerts, C., Molenberghs, G., & Ridder, J. D. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245713 · Cited by 26
Hamer, J. H., & Schlaufman, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad110e · Cited by 28
Pulsating chromosphere of classical Cepheids
Hocdé, V., Nardetto, N., Borgniet, S., Lagadec, E., Kervella, P., Mérand, A., Evans, N. R., Gillet, D., Mathias, P., Chiavassa, A., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037795 · Cited by 25
Ferrone, S. M., Matteo, P. D., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Haywood, M., Snaith, O. N., Montuori, M., Александрович, Х. С., & Valls-Gabaud, D. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244141 · Cited by 25
Self-citationOn the Exoplanet Yield of Gaia Astrometry
Lammers, C., & Winn, J. N. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae21de · Cited by 24
Weighing the Galactic disk using phase-space spirals
Widmark, A., Laporte, C. F. P., & de Salas, P. F. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140650 · Cited by 24
Consistent radial velocities of classical Cepheids from the cross-correlation technique
Borgniet, S., Kervella, P., Nardetto, N., Gallenne, A., Mérand, A., Anderson, R. I., Aufdenberg, J. P., Breuval, L., Gieren, W., Hocdé, V., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935622 · Cited by 23
Gaia Focused Product Release: Radial velocity time series of long-period variables
Trabucchi, M., Mowlavï, N., Lebzelter, T., Lecœur-Taı̈bi, I., Audard, M., Eyer, L., García-Lario, P., Gavras, P., Holl, B., de Fombelle, G. J., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347287 · Cited by 23
Self-citationThe Corona Australis star formation complex is accelerating away from the Galactic plane
Posch, L., Miret-Roig, N., Alves, J., Ratzenböck, S., Großschedl, J. E., Meingast, S., Zucker, C., & Burkert, A. M. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347186 · Cited by 23
VELOcities of CEpheids (VELOCE)
Anderson, R. I., Viviani, G., Shetye, S., Mowlavï, N., Eyer, L., Palaversa, L., Holl, B., Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Kravchenko, K., Pawlak, M., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348400 · Cited by 23
Kos, J. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449828 · Cited by 23
CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs
Cifuentes, C., Caballero, J. A., Gonzalez-Payo, J., Amado, P. J., Béjar, V. J. S., Burgasser, A. J., Cortés‐Contreras, M., Lodieu, N., Montes, D., Quirrenbach, A., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452527 · Cited by 22
Metal-poor stars with disc-like orbits
Bellazzini, M., Massari, D., Ceccarelli, E., Mucciarelli, A., Bragaglia, A., Riello, M., Angeli, F. D., & Montegriffo, P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348106 · Cited by 22
Roederer, I. U., Beers, T. C., Hattori, K., Placco, V. M., Hansen, T. T., Ezzeddine, R., Frebel, A., Holmbeck, E. M., & Sakari, C. M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad57bf · Cited by 22
Xiang, M., Rix, H., Ting, Y.-S., Ludwig, H. ‐., Coronado, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, H., Buder, S., & Tio, P. D. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab99a5 · Cited by 22
The cerium content of the Milky Way as revealed by Gaia DR3 GSP-Spec abundances
Contursi, G., de Laverny, P., Recio-Blanco, A., Spitoni, E., Palicio, P. A., Poggio, E., Grisoni, V., Cescutti, G., Matteucci, F., Spina, L., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244469 · Cited by 21
The new detection of blue straggler stars in 50 open clusters using Gaia DR3
Li, C., Zhong, J., Qin, S., & Chen, L. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244998 · Cited by 20
The bar pattern speed of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Jiménez-Arranz, Ó., Chemin, L., Romero-Gómez, M., Luri, X., Adamczyk, P., Castro-Ginard, A., Roca-Fàbrega, S., McMillan, P. J., & Cioni, M.-R. L. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347266 · Cited by 20
Self-citationSpectroscopic identification of rapidly rotating red giant stars in APOKASC-3 and APOGEE DR16
Patton, R. A., Pinsonneault, M. H., Cao, L., Vrard, M., Mathur, S., García, R. A., Tayar, J., Daher, C. M., & Beck, P. G. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae074 · Cited by 20
Schmidt, S. P., Schlaufman, K. C., & Hamer, J. H. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad5d76 · Cited by 20
Characterizing the Gaia radial velocity sample selection function in its native photometry
Rybizki, J., Rix, H., Demleitner, M., Bailer‐Jones, C. A. L., & Cooper, W. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3089 · Cited by 20
Pancino, E., Sanna, N., Altavilla, G., Marinoni, S., Rainer, M., Cocozza, G., Ragaini, S., Galleti, S., Bellazzini, M., Bragaglia, A., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab766 · Cited by 20
Godoy-Rivera, D., Mathur, S., García, R. A., Pinsonneault, M. H., Santos, Â. R. G., Beck, P. G., Grossmann, D. H., Schimak, L. S., Bedell, M., Merc, J., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348735 · Cited by 19
Bellazzini, M., Massari, D., Angeli, F. D., Mucciarelli, A., Bragaglia, A., Riello, M., & Montegriffo, P. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345921 · Cited by 19
Fritzewski, D. J., Reeth, T. V., Aerts, C., Beeck, J. V., Gossage, S., & Li, G. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347618 · Cited by 19
The diffuse interstellar band around 8620 Å
Zhao, H., Schultheis, M., Recio-Blanco, A., Kordopatis, G., de Laverny, P., Rojas-Arriagada, Á., Zoccali, M., Surot, F., & Valenti, E. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039736 · Cited by 18
Age–metallicity dependent stellar kinematics of the Milky Way disc from LAMOST and Gaia
Wu, Y., Xiang, M., Chen, Y., Zhao, G., Bi, S., Li, C., Li, Y., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3949 · Cited by 18
A Study of the Blue Straggler Population of the Old Open Cluster Collinder 261
Rain, M. J., B, G. C. A., Ahumada, J. A., Villanova, S. N., Boffin, H. M. J., Monaco, L., & Beccari, G. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5f0b · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Katz, D., Sartoretti, P., Guerrier, A., Panuzzo, P., Seabroke, G. M., Thévenin, F., Cropper, M., Benson, K., Blomme, R., Haigron, R., Marchal, O., Smith, M., Baker, S., Chemin, L., Damerdji, Y., David, M., Dolding, C., Frémat, Y., Gosset, E., Janßen, K., Jasniewicz, G., Lobel, A., Plum, G., Samaras, N., Snaith, O., Soubiran, C., Vanel, O., Zwitter, T., Antoja, T., Arenou, F., Babusiaux, C., Brouillet, N., Caffau, E., Di Matteo, P., Fabre, C., Fabricius, C., Fragkoudi, F., Haywood, M., Huckle, H. E., Hottier, C., Lasne, Y., Leclerc, N., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Royer, F., Teyssier, D., Zorec, J., Crifo, F., Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A., Turon, C., & Viala, Y.
- ORCID
- Katz, D.
- Sartoretti, P.
- Guerrier, A.
- Panuzzo, P.
- Seabroke, G. M.
- Thévenin, F.
- Cropper, M.
- Benson, K.
- Blomme, R.
- Marchal, O.
- Baker, S.
- Chemin, L.
- Damerdji, Y.
- David, M.
- Frémat, Y.
- Gosset, E.
- Janßen, K.
- Lobel, A.
- Samaras, N.
- Snaith, O.
- Soubiran, C.
- Vanel, O.
- Zwitter, T.
- Antoja, T.
- Arenou, F.
- Babusiaux, C.
- Brouillet, N.
- Caffau, E.
- Di Matteo, P.
- Fabricius, C.
- Fragkoudi, F.
- Haywood, M.
- Hottier, C.
- Leclerc, N.
- Mastrobuono-Battisti, A.
- Royer, F.
- Teyssier, D.
- Zorec, J.
- Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A.
- Turon, C.
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 674
- Pages
- A5
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W3098034015
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 52
- FWCI
- 22.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (299543, CEX2019-000918-M)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, LP2014-17, 299543)
- UK Space Agency (ST/N000641/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/K000756/1)
- European Space Agency (65316, 4000115263/15/NL/IB)
- University of Cambridge
- University of Leicester
- University College London
- European Commission (FP7-SPACE-2013-1, 895174, 320360, 2014‐2020, 10.13039/501100011033, TIN2015-65316-P, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, 13039/501100011033, 255267, 501100011033, HORIZON2020, 745617, 647208, 682115, 606740, 264895, /AEI/10.13039/501100011033, 695099, 101004214, 951549, 716155, 687378, 834148, RTI2018-095076-B-C21)
- European Science Foundation
- University of Edinburgh
- University of Bristol
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA18104)
- Science Foundation Ireland
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE31-0007, 2017-, ANR-19-CE31-0017, ANR-10-IDEX-0001, ANR‐19, ANR-10-IDEX0001-02., ANR-15-CE31-0012, ANR18, ANR-10-IDEX, ANR-14-CE33-0014, 0014-01, ANR-10, IDEX-0001-02, 834148, ANR-18-CE31-0006, ANR-14-CE33)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (137523, 65316, ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02, 121059, 194638)
- Swedish National Space Agency
- Academy of Finland (325805, 328654, #307157, #299543, 336546, 345115, 128840)
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office
- Generalitat de Catalunya (10.13039/501100011033, 2014-SGR-1051, 501100011033, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, CEX2019-000918-M, TIN2015-65316)
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (682115, IN2P3)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO-M-614.061.414)
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (DL 57/2016, LP2014-17, LP2018-7, KKP-137523)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (I/037/08/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, 025-R.1.2015, I/008/10/0, 2018-24-HH.0, 2014-025-R.0, 2019-3, 2014-049-R.0, I/058/10/0)
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Magnus Ehrnroothin Säätiö (2014-025-R.0)
- Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (P1-0188)
- Tel Aviv University
- Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki (DIR/WK/2018/12, 2014-2020, 2016-17, DL 57/2016)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (IJC2019-04862-I, MICIN AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, .13039/501100011033, 10.13039, IJC2019-04862-, 2016-17, / AEI/10, TIN2015-65316P, TIN2015-65316, 10.13039/501100011033/, CEX2019-000918- M, 501100011033, CEX2019, RYC2018-025968-I, /AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033)
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (I/008/10/0, 2016-17-I.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, KKP-137523, 2014-049-R.0/1/2, 2014-025-R.0, 2013/030/I.0)
- Universitat de Barcelona (CEX2019-000918-M)
- Université de Bordeaux (ANR-10-IDEX)
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- Xunta de Galicia (ED481A, ED431G, ED431B)
- Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal (KKP137523)
- Université de Franche-Comté
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
- Observatoire de Paris, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (UIDB/04434/2020, ST/L006561/1, ST/S001980/1, UIDP/04434/2020, /10.13039/501100011033, IN2P3, ST/S000984/1, DIR/WK/2018/12, ST/S001948/1, ST/T00147X/1, ST/X005933/1, ST/S002103/1)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (DL-57/2016, 01-0145, UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389, 57/2016, POCI-01-0145, PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, 2019-3, UIDP/04434/2020, UIDB/04434/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-, COMPETE_2020, POCI-01-, 10.13039/501100011033, /2017, DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0006, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- European Regional Development Fund (2014-2020’, POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 030389, POCI-01, 10.13039/501100011033, UIDP/04434/2020, 13039/501100011033, COMPETE2020, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, UIDB/04434/2020, AEI/10.13039/501100011033, RYC2018-025968-I, CEX2019-000918-M, 501100011033, DL 57/2016, RTI2018, 57/ 2016, PTDC/FIS-AST/30389/2017, RTI2018-095076-B-C21, POCI-01-0145- FEDER, AyA2017-84089)
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI//10.13039/501100011033/, 501100011033, RYC2018-025968-I, 10.13039/501100011033, 13039, CEX2019-000918-M, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, .13039/501100011033, IJC2019-04862-I, 10.13039, AEI/10, MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (CEX2019–000918–M)
- Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen, Technische Universität Dresden
- HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science
- European Social Fund (MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, 20142020, DL 57/2016, ED431G-2019/01, ED481A-2019/155, 501100011033, AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- FP7 Space
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Gaia DR3, radial velocity, Gaia RVS, stellar spectroscopy, cross correlation function, hot stars, Milky Way kinematics, stellar populations, stellar effective temperature, Galactic halo, Galactic disc, stellar distances, stellar parallax
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