Euclid : Finding strong gravitational lenses in the early release observations using convolutional neural networks
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Several new galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lenses have been detected in the early release observations (ERO) from Euclid . The all-sky survey is expected to find 170 000 new systems, which are expected to greatly enhancing studies of dark matter and dark energy, and to constrain the cosmological parameters better. As a first step, we visually inspect all galaxies in one of the ERO fields (Perseus) to identify candidate strong-lensing systems and compared them to the predictions from convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The entire ERO dataset is too large for an expert visual inspection, however. In this paper, we therefore extend the CNN analysis to the whole ERO dataset and use different CNN architectures and methods. Using five CNN architectures, we identified 8469 strong gravitational lens candidates from I E -band cutouts of 13 Euclid ERO fields and narrowed them down to 97 through visual inspection. The sample includes 14 grade A and 31 grade B candidates. We present the spectroscopic confirmation of a strong gravitational lensing candidate, EUCL J081705.61+702348.8. The foreground lensing galaxy, an early-type system at z = 0.335, and the background source, a star-forming galaxy at z = 1.475 with [O II ] emission, are both identified. The lens modelling with the Euclid strong lens modelling pipeline revealed two distinct arcs in a lensing configuration, with an Einstein radius of 1.″18 ± 0.″03. This confirms the lensing nature of the system. These findings demonstrate that CNN-based candidate selection followed by visual inspection provides an effective approach for identifying strong lenses in Euclid data. They also highlight areas for improvement in future large-scale implementations.
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Applying machine-learning models to the rest of the ERO data resulted in 14 grade A and 31 grade B strong lens candidates being found.
“these models were then applied to the rest of the ERO data, resulting in 14 grade A and 31 grade B strong lens candidates being found (Nagam et al. 2025).”
From Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): XXVIII. The Strong Lensing Discovery Engine C – Finding lenses with machine learning (2026) · cites this paper as Nagam et al. 2025
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Turyshev, S. G., & Toth, V. T. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1174 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)
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Self-citationEuclid: Early Release Observations – NISP-only sources and the search for luminous z = 6–8 galaxies
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Self-citationPrice-Whelan, A. M., Lim, P. L., Earl, N., Starkman, N., Bradley, L., Shupe, D. L., Patil, A. A., Corrales, L., Brasseur, C. E., Nöthe, M., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gentile, F., Tortora, C., Covone, G., Koopmans, L. V. E., Spiniello, C., Fan, Z., Li, R., Liu, D., Napolitano, N. R., Vaccari, M., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3386 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Euclid Collaboration, Lines, N. E. P., Collett, T. E., Walmsley, M., Rojas, K., Li, T., Leuzzi, L., Manjón-García, A., Vincken, S. H., Wilde, J., et al. (2026) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554542 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Nagam, B. C., Acevedo Barroso, J. A., Wilde, J., Andika, I. T., Manjón-García, A., Pearce-Casey, R., Stern, D., Nightingale, J. W., Moustakas, L. A., McCarthy, K., Moravec, E., Leuzzi, L., Rojas, K., Serjeant, S., Collett, T. E., Matavulj, P., Walmsley, M., Clément, B., Tortora, C., Gavazzi, R., Metcalf, R. B., O’Riordan, C. M., Verdoes Kleijn, G., Koopmans, L. V. E., Valentijn, E. A., Busillo, V., Schuldt, S., Courbin, F., Vernardos, G., Meneghetti, M., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Diego, J. M., Ecker, L. R., Thai, T. T., Cooray, A. R., Courtois, H. M., Delchambre, L., Despali, G., Sluse, D., Ulivi, L., Melo, A., Corcho-Caballero, P., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Aussel, H., Baccigalupi, C., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Battaglia, P., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Caillat, A., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Castignani, G., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Colodro-Conde, C., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., De Lucia, G., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Fabricius, M., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., George, K., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Laureijs, R., Le Mignant, D., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Mainetti, G., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nakajima, R., Neissner, C., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S.-M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sakr, Z., Sánchez, A. G., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Starck, J.-L., Steinwagner, J., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tsyganov, A., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zucca, E., Burigana, C., Mora, A., Pöntinen, M., & Scottez, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ES)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (ES)
- The Open University (GB)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Green Bank Observatory
- Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (IT)
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (CH)
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte (IT)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (ES)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- STAR Institute, Quartier Agora – Allée du six Août
- University of Trento (IT)
- European Space Astronomy Centre (ES)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (IT)
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (IT)
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Astronomical Observatory of Rome (IT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- European Space Agency (FR)
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- University College London (GB)
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande
- University of Geneva (CH)
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT)
- Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- FRACTAL S.L.N.E.
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Felix Hormuth Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM
- Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (NL)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Durham University (GB)
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (FR)
- Institute of Space Science
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Chile (CL)
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (DE)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Institute of Space Sciences (ES)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- Department of Physics
- Université Catholique de Lille (FR)
- ORCID
- Nagam, B. C.
- Acevedo Barroso, J. A.
- Wilde, J.
- Andika, I. T.
- Manjón-García, A.
- Pearce-Casey, R.
- Stern, D.
- Nightingale, J. W.
- Moustakas, L. A.
- McCarthy, K.
- Moravec, E.
- Leuzzi, L.
- Rojas, K.
- Serjeant, S.
- Collett, T. E.
- Matavulj, P.
- Walmsley, M.
- Clément, B.
- Tortora, C.
- Gavazzi, R.
- Metcalf, R. B.
- O’Riordan, C. M.
- Koopmans, L. V. E.
- Valentijn, E. A.
- Busillo, V.
- Schuldt, S.
- Courbin, F.
- Vernardos, G.
- Meneghetti, M.
- Díaz-Sánchez, A.
- Diego, J. M.
- Ecker, L. R.
- Thai, T. T.
- Cooray, A. R.
- Courtois, H. M.
- Delchambre, L.
- Despali, G.
- Sluse, D.
- Ulivi, L.
- Melo, A.
- Corcho-Caballero, P.
- Altieri, B.
- Amara, A.
- Andreon, S.
- Auricchio, N.
- Aussel, H.
- Baccigalupi, C.
- Baldi, M.
- Balestra, A.
- Bardelli, S.
- Battaglia, P.
- Bonino, D.
- Branchini, E.
- Brescia, M.
- Brinchmann, J.
- Camera, S.
- Capobianco, V.
- Carbone, C.
- Carretero, J.
- Casas, S.
- Castellano, M.
- Castignani, G.
- Cavuoti, S.
- Colodro-Conde, C.
- Congedo, G.
- Conselice, C. J.
- Conversi, L.
- Copin, Y.
- Cropper, M.
- Da Silva, A.
- Degaudenzi, H.
- De Lucia, G.
- Di Giorgio, A. M.
- Dinis, J.
- Dubath, F.
- Duncan, C. A. J.
- Dusini, S.
- Fabricius, M.
- Farina, M.
- Farrens, S.
- Ferriol, S.
- Frailis, M.
- Franceschi, E.
- Fumana, M.
- George, K.
- Gillard, W.
- Gillis, B.
- Giocoli, C.
- Gómez-Alvarez, P.
- Grazian, A.
- Grupp, F.
- Guzzo, L.
- Haugan, S. V. H.
- Holmes, W.
- Hook, I.
- Hornstrup, A.
- Jahnke, K.
- Joachimi, B.
- Keihänen, E.
- Kermiche, S.
- Kubik, B.
- Kuijken, K.
- Kümmel, M.
- Kunz, M.
- Kurki-Suonio, H.
- Le Mignant, D.
- Ligori, S.
- Lilje, P. B.
- Lindholm, V.
- Lloro, I.
- Mainetti, G.
- Maiorano, E.
- Mansutti, O.
- Marggraf, O.
- Markovic, K.
- Martinelli, M.
- Martinet, N.
- Marulli, F.
- Massey, R.
- Medinaceli, E.
- Melchior, M.
- Merlin, E.
- Moresco, M.
- Moscardini, L.
- Nakajima, R.
- Neissner, C.
- Nichol, R. C.
- Niemi, S.-M.
- Padilla, C.
- Paltani, S.
- Pasian, F.
- Percival, W. J.
- Pettorino, V.
- Pires, S.
- Polenta, G.
- Poncet, M.
- Popa, L. A.
- Pozzetti, L.
- Raison, F.
- Rebolo, R.
- Renzi, A.
- Rhodes, J.
- Riccio, G.
- Romelli, E.
- Roncarelli, M.
- Rossetti, E.
- Saglia, R.
- Sakr, Z.
- Sánchez, A. G.
- Sapone, D.
- Sartoris, B.
- Schirmer, M.
- Schneider, P.
- Schrabback, T.
- Secroun, A.
- Seidel, G.
- Serrano, S.
- Sirignano, C.
- Sirri, G.
- Skottfelt, J.
- Stanco, L.
- Starck, J.-L.
- Steinwagner, J.
- Tallada-Crespí, P.
- Tavagnacco, D.
- Teplitz, H. I.
- Tereno, I.
- Toledo-Moreo, R.
- Torradeflot, F.
- Tutusaus, I.
- Valenziano, L.
- Vassallo, T.
- Veropalumbo, A.
- Wang, Y.
- Weller, J.
- Zacchei, A.
- Zucca, E.
- Burigana, C.
- Mora, A.
- Pöntinen, M.
- Scottez, V.
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2025-10
- Volume
- 702
- Pages
- A130
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W4413966155
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL AMU (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Universidad de Chile (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- California Institute of Technology
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2022, 13039, 10.13039)
- European Space Agency
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- Agenția Spațială Română
- Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie
- Norsk Romsenter
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación (13039, PID2022-141915NB-C22, AEI/10)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- strong gravitational lensing, galaxy-galaxy lensing, Euclid mission, convolutional neural networks, lens candidate selection, spectroscopic confirmation, lens modeling, Einstein radius, dark matter, cosmological parameters
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