Acoustic segregation of Pinus radiata logs according to stiffness
Open accessAbstract
Wood stiffness varies enormously both within and between trees, so it is inevitable that low-grade solid wood products are produced from some trees.Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to segregate logs to ensure that only those logs with predominantly high stiffness wood are processed into structural lumber products.This study examined whether sound flight velocity (m s -1 ) could be used as a direct measure of wood stiffness to allow such segregation.Trees of radiata pine were measured before and after harvest with a non-destructive acoustic device (stress wave timer) to see if there was a relationship between sound wave velocity in either standing trees or logs and machine stress-grades of boards derived from those trees and logs.The speed of sound along logs was sufficiently closely correlated with wood stiffness to allow logs to be sorted into classes.A highly significant and positive relationship was found for acoustic measurements made in logs and a weaker, but still significant, relationship existed for acoustic measurements made in standing trees.Such segregation of logs according to wave velocity measured in the field may save a large sawmill between A$1-4m each year.Acoustic methods may also be used as an indirect tool for selection provided the heritability of the measurements is high enough and there is significant genetic correlation with genetic values for wood stiffness.From another experiment we have estimated the heritability of several acoustic measures and hope to be able to estimate genetic relationships with wood quality soon. modulus of elasticity / wood, acoustics / sound speed / selectionRésumé -Classement des grumes de pin radiata selon le module d'élasticité par méthode acoustique.Les variations de module d'élasticité du bois, aussi bien inter-qu'intra-arbre peuvent être considérables.Il est alors inévitable de trouver des pièces de qualité mécanique médiocre en scierie.Il serait donc tout à fait souhaitable de pouvoir classer les grumes de telle sorte que seules celles qui pourront donner des sciages de qualité soient orientées pour la production de bois d'œuvre.Cette étude analyse la possibilité d'utiliser la vitesse de propagation du son dans le bois comme estimateur du module d'élasticité permettant un tel classement.Plusieurs pins radiata ont été mesurés avant et après abattage par une méthode non destructive afin d'analyser la relation entre la vitesse du son mesurée dans l'arbre sur pied ou la grume d'une part, et le classement mécanique sur machine des planches issues de ces grumes d'autre part.La corrélation positive et très significative mesurée sur grume est suffisamment élevée pour permettre le classement de ces grumes.Cette corrélation est plus faible, mais reste significative pour les mesures effectuées sur pied.Un classement des grumes effectué de cette façon sur chantier permettrait à une scierie de grande taille d'économiser de 1 à 4 millions de dollars australiens chaque année.Les méthodes acoustiques pourraient aussi être utilisées comme outil indirect pour la sélection génétique d'arbres de haute qualité mécanique, pourvu que l'héritabilité soit suffisante.Dans une autre série d'expérimentations l'héritabilité de plusieurs mesures acoustiques a été estimée et la liaison génétique/qualité du bois sera examinée. module d'élasticité / bois, acoustique / vitesse de son / sélection
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Most industrial interest is currently targeted at using resonance acoustic sensors on logs to predict the MOE of sawn lumber or other structural wood products.
“currently most industrial interest is targeted at using resonance acoustic sensors on logs to predict the MOE of sawn lumber [26–28] or other structural wood products.”
From Using Acoustic Sensors to Improve the Efficiency of the Forest Value Chain in Canada: A Case Study with Laminated Veneer Lumber (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
The Discussion (section 4; page not provided) says acoustic measurements of logs can predict machine stress grades of sawn lumber and that new resonance tools are in development. The paper does not establish that most industrial interest targets this use, or show prediction of MOE for other structural wood products. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcoustic velocity measured by resonant frequencies obeys the Law of Mixtures and should approach the volume-weighted average velocities of all lumber pieces sawn from a log, as confirmed by empirical results.
“Because the acoustic velocity measured by the resonant frequencies obeys the Law of Mixtures [8] it should approach the volume-weighted average velocities of all lumber pieces sawn from it, a fact confirmed by empirical results [26,27].”
From Using Acoustic Sensors to Improve the Efficiency of the Forest Value Chain in Canada: A Case Study with Laminated Veneer Lumber (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
The Analysis section (p. not available) says the authors calculated weighted average stiffness grades from individual boards. Results §3.3 (p. not available) finds a significant correlation between log wave velocity and average board stiffness. The paper does not show that log velocity approaches a volume-weighted average of board velocities, and its measurements used a stress-wave timer rather than resonant frequencies. The Law of Mixtures is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe production of LVL implies that the whole cross section of the log is peeled into veneers except for the central core, which should increase the accuracy of predictions obtained from a resonant acoustic method compared with sawn lumber.
“This should increase the accuracy of the predictions obtained from a resonant acoustic method as, unlike sawn lumber from round logs [26–28,41], almost all the cross sectional area is processed into veneers.”
From Using Acoustic Sensors to Improve the Efficiency of the Forest Value Chain in Canada: A Case Study with Laminated Veneer Lumber (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Kempthorne O., An introduction to genetic statistics, Wiley, New York & London, 1957.
- Matheson A.C., Burgess I.P., Gains from breeding Pinus radiata for one generation in Australia, Proc. ANZIF. Rotorua, NZ, 1980.
- Nakamura N., Arima T., Evaluating the properties of standing trees, Proc Pacific Timber Engineering Conference, July 11-15, 1994, Gold Coast, Australia.
- Walker J.C.F., Nakada R., Understanding corewood in some softwo- ods: a selective review on stiffness and acoustics, Int. For. Rev. 1 (4) (1999) 251-259.
- Raymond C.A., Sampling -Purpose and Cost. Chapter 2, in: Downes G.M., Hudson I.L., Raymond C.A., Dean G.H., Mitchell A.J., Schimleck L.R., Evans R., Muneri A. (Eds.), Sampling Plantation Eucalypts for Wood and Fibre Properties, CSIRO, Collingwood, Australia, 1997.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Achim, A., Paradis, N., Carter, P., & Hernández, R. E. (2011) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s110605716 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This should increase the accuracy of the predictions obtained from a resonant acoustic method as, unlike sawn lumber from round logs [26-28,41], almost all the cross sectional area is processed into veneers.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEvaluating timber quality in larger-diameter standing trees: rethinking the use of acoustic velocity
Krajnc, L., Farrelly, N., & Harte, A. M. (2019) · Holzforschung · doi:10.1515/hf-2018-0232 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Matheson, A. C., Dickson, R. L., Spencer, D. J., Joe, B., & Ilic, J.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Government of New South Wales (AU)
- ORCID
- Ilic, Jugo
- Venue
- Annals of Forest Science
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 471-477
- ISSN
- 1286-4560 (ISSN-L)
- 1297-966X
- OpenAlex
- W2142093663
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Forest Science (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
- Schizophrenia Fellowship of NSW
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetics and Plant Breeding
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- Pinus radiata, wood stiffness, elastic modulus, sound velocity, structural timber, standing trees, logs, wood selection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review