The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke
Abstract
Objective To compare the effects of robot-assisted movement training with conventional techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke.Design Randomized controlled trial, 6-month follow-up.Setting A Department of Veterans Affairs rehabilitation research and development center.Participants Consecutive sample of 27 subjects with chronic hemiparesis (>6mo after cerebrovascular accident) randomly allocated to group.Interventions All subjects received twenty-four 1-hour sessions over 2 months. Subjects in the robot group practiced shoulder and elbow movements while assisted by a robot manipulator. Subjects in the control group received neurodevelopmental therapy (targeting proximal upper limb function) and 5 minutes of exposure to the robot in each session.Main outcome measures Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor impairment, FIMtrade mark instrument, and biomechanic measures of strength and reaching kinematics. Clinical evaluations were performed by a therapist blinded to group assignments.Results Compared with the control group, the robot group had larger improvements in the proximal movement portion of the Fugl-Meyer test after 1 month of treatment (P<.05) and also after 2 months of treatment (P<.05). The robot group had larger gains in strength (P<.02) and larger increases in reach extent (P<.01) after 2 months of treatment. At the 6-month follow-up, the groups no longer differed in terms of the Fugl-Meyer test (P>.30); however, the robot group had larger improvements in the FIM (P<.04).Conclusions Compared with conventional treatment, robot-assisted movements had advantages in terms of clinical and biomechanical measures. Further research into the use of robotic manipulation for motor rehabilitation is justified.
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Human-Centered Rehabilitation Robotics
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“Movement Enhancer) arm therapy robot [25].”
Design and control of a robotic lower extremity exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation
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“Other advantages of robotic systems when compared to manual physical therapy include higher precision and repeatability, and quantitative monitoring of patient’s progress via sensors [5].”
BackgroundOrthoJacket: an active FES-hybrid orthosis for the paralysed upper extremity
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Pilot study to test effectiveness of video game on reaching performance in stroke
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“Furthermore, some of these systems provide robotic assistance to the task or movement being performed either by moving the arm in a programmed trajectory or by supporting the weight of the limb [11,34–35,39–45].”
Movement Anticipation and EEG: Implications for BCI-Contingent Robot Therapy
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“In past studies, robotic therapy has been shown to match or better the results obtainable with conventional rehabilitation movement therapy [1, 6, 7].”
ResultAssistive Robots in Health Care Settings
Nejat, G., Sun, Y., & Nies, M. A. (2008) · Home Health Care Management & Practice · doi:10.1177/1084822308325695 · Cited by 42
“…and the robot provides a viscous resistance in the direction of the desired movement and spring-like forces in all other directions as the patient attempts to reach the target with maximal effort (e.g., MITMANUS, Bi-Manu-Track, MIME; see Krebs et al., 1999; Hesse et al., 2003; Lum et al., 2002).”
BackgroundFeasibility studies of robot-assisted stroke rehabilitation at clinic and home settings using RUPERT
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“In view of this shortcoming of the conventional medical practice model, a growing number of robotic systems for the rehabilitation of upper extremities after stroke are being developed and tested [7-17].”
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ResultHaptic Neurorehabilitation and Virtual Reality for Upper Limb Paralysis: A Review
Piggott, L. C., Wagner, S., & Ziat, M. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2016016046 · Cited by 40
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“Robotic rehabilitation has been shown to foster recovery based on several clinical studies and assessments,(83) for instance, in increased strength and range of motion.(84,85) Haptic feedback has been augmented into robotic rehabilitation in order to generate haptic sensation (including tactile and kinesthetic) during…”
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“MIT-MANUS [10] and Mirror Image Movement Enabler (MIME) [11] constituted examples of end-effector based designs.”
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“This is likely to be much greater than in many ‘typical’ conventional UL therapy sessions and the dosage is in a similar range as other related devices, such as MIME [22] and BATRAC [24].”
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Surface EMG Signal Classification by Using WPD and Ensemble Tree Classifiers
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Motor Recovery Strategies After Stroke
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“Over the last decade, upper-limb robot-assisted rehabilitation after stroke has mainly focused on restoring arm function, with the use of devices such as the MIT-MANUS [1], the ARMguide [2] or the MIME [3].”
MethodA Haptic Knob for Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients
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Tiboni, M., & Amici, C. (2022) · Actuators · doi:10.3390/act11080232 · Cited by 38
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Dissociation between abnormal motor synergies and impaired reaching dexterity after stroke
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“Usually, the variables used to trigger the assistance are the elapsed time [8,17], the force generated by the patient [8,18], the spatial tracking error [19,20], the limb velocity [21,22] and the muscle activity measured with surface EMG [23,24].”
MethodEstimation of Human Arm Joints Using Two Wireless Sensors in Robotic Rehabilitation Tasks
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“Rehabilitation in this field takes an important role when it comes to improving the motor and proprioceptive activity [3,4].”
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Neurorehabilitation approaches to facilitate motor recovery
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Two-arm Manipulation: From Manipulators to Enhanced Human-Robot Collaboration
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Combining Dopaminergic Facilitation with Robot-Assisted Upper Limb Therapy in Stroke Survivors
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Robotic wrist training after stroke: Adaptive modulation of assistance in pediatric rehabilitation
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“In contrast to post-stroke proximal upper extremity robotic therapy, in which improvements in function are limited to the elbow and shoulder [52], there is emerging evidence that rehabilitation of the distal portion of the paretic limb leads to positive changes in the function of the entire limb even in the non-exerci…”
BackgroundVision of the upper limb fails to compensate for kinesthetic impairments in subacute stroke
Semrau, J. A., Herter, T. M., Scott, S. H., & Dukelow, S. P. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.022 · Cited by 36
The Design of an Interactive Stroke Rehabilitation Gaming System
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“Current paradigms in robotic motor learning involve simple reaching pattern tasks that are not very engaging or motivational, however have been shown to significantly improve the movement behaviour of a stroke survivor [ 5-7 ].”
BackgroundTrans-radial upper extremity amputees are capable of adapting to a novel dynamic environment
Schabowsky, C. N., Dromerick, A. W., Holley, R. J., Monroe, B., & Lum, P. S. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1394-9 · Cited by 36
“Both CIT (Wolf et al. 2006; Wu et al 2007) and robotic therapy (Lum et al. 2002; Hidler et al. 2005; Krebs et al. 2002) have shown encouraging therapeutic potential, and both rely on taskspecific repetitive training.”
Personal Space Intrusion in Human-Robot Collaboration
Stark, J., Mota, R., & Sharlin, E. (2018) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3173386.3176998 · Cited by 35
“Research has shown that robotassisted movement training may prove more effective than conventional methods following a stroke [22].”
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“7 can be simplified as follows: M(p)p̈ + G(p) = u + d (8)”
BackgroundThe Stroke Rehabilitation Paradigm
Kelly, B. M., Pangilinan, P. H., & Rodriguez, G. M. (2007) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2007.07.006 · Cited by 35
Robotic Therapy and Botulinum Toxin Type A
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A Damper Driven Robotic End-Point Manipulator for Functional Rehabilitation Exercises After Stroke
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Mirror therapy with an exoskeleton upper-limb robot based on IMU measurement system
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“Given this approach, the mirror image motion enabler (MIME) is the typical robotic rehabilitation system which has already accomplished the clinical trials [3, 5].”
MethodHesse, S. (2004) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2004-00276 · Cited by 35
“Further, an aerobic training following the guidelines of the American College of Sport Medicine could improve the cardiovascular fitness of nine ambulatory chronic stroke patients as shown in an open study by Macko et al. [40].”
Stoeckmann, T., Sullivan, K. J., & Scheidt, R. A. (2009) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080128 · Cited by 35
“14 Clinical studies have demonstrated that resistive exercise programs after stroke can increase strength (force-generating capacity) 15–19 and improve the performance of functional tasks 20–22 with no increase in spasticity (velocity-dependent hyperto-nicity).”
Bhujel, S., & Hasan, S. (2023) · Human-Intelligent Systems Integration · doi:10.1007/s42454-023-00048-y · Cited by 34
“Mirror Image Movement Enabler (MIME) was developed by Lum et al. (Lum et al. 2002; Lum et al. 2004), in which a robot manipulator applies forces to the affected forearm during goal-oriented movements.”
MethodPark, J. M., Park, H. J., Yoon, S. Y., Kim, Y. W., Shin, J. I., & Lee, S. C. (2025) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.124.048183 · Cited by 45
“32 Second, the robotic arm provides immediate and accurate sensorimotor biofeedback through visual and auditory cues.”
Cable-based parallel manipulator for rehabilitation of shoulder and elbow movements
Nunes, W. M., Rodrigues, L. A. O., Oliveira, L. P., Ribeiro, J. F., Carvalho, J. C. M., & Gonçalves, R. S. (2011) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2011.5975503 · Cited by 34
“Some examples are: ARM (Assisted Rehabilitation and Measurement), despite this robot allow three-dimensional movements its structure is heavy and the quality of movement is affected by the high inertia of the system [2]; the MIME (Mirror-Image Movement Enabler) is a Puma robot model 562 with 6 degrees of freedom which…”
MethodEffects of Combined Upper Limb Robotic Therapy in Patients With Tetraplegic Spinal Cord Injury
Jung, J. H., Lee, H.-J., Cho, D. Y., Lim, J.-E., Lee, B.-S., Kwon, S. H., Kim, H. Y., & Lee, S. J. (2019) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2019.43.4.445 · Cited by 35
“applied for use in brain lesioned patients [12-15,36,37].”
BackgroundDesign and control of a cable-driven rehabilitation robot for upper and lower limbs
Oyman, E. L., Korkut, M. Y., Yılmaz, C., Bayraktaroglu, Z. Y., & Arslan, M. S. (2021) · Robotica · doi:10.1017/s0263574721000357 · Cited by 34
“The studies with MIT-MANUS showed that the patients who had robotic therapies in addition to manual (conventional)ones recovered better and faster than the patients who had no robotic therapy [11].”
Single Limb Performance Following Contralateral Bimanual Limb Training
Burgess, J. K., Bareither, R., & Patton, J. L. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2007.903908 · Cited by 34
ShouldeRO, an alignment-free two-DOF rehabilitation robot for the shoulder complex
Dehez, B., & Sapin, J. (2011) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2011.5975339 · Cited by 34
Understanding stroke recovery and rehabilitation: Current and emerging approaches
Dombovy, M. L. (2004) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-004-0008-6 · Cited by 33
“An example is that of using a robot-assist device to facilitate completion and repetitive practice of the movement [ 39 ].”
MethodLoureiro, R. C. V., Lamperd, B., Collin, C., & Harwin, W. (2009) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2009.5209509 · Cited by 33
“Change in Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scores (upper limb section only) after robot-aided therapy in acute, sub-acute and chronic patients (InMotion2 [3], T-WREX [5, 17], Gentle/S [2, 18, 19], MIME [4, 20], MIT-MANUS [1] and NeReBot [6]).”
MethodResultSimonetti, D., Zollo, L., Papaleo, E., Carpino, G., & Guglielmelli, E. (2016) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/j.robot.2016.08.012 · Cited by 33
Effect of Upper Extremity Robot-Assisted Exercise on Spasticity in Stroke Patients
Lee, K. W., Kim, S. B., Lee, J. H., Lee, S. J., & Yoo, S. W. (2016) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2016.40.6.961 · Cited by 34
Rehabilitation—Emerging Technologies, Innovative Therapies, and Future Objectives
Ifejika, N. L., & Barrett, A. M. (2011) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-011-0057-x · Cited by 35
“Advantages of this technology include a combination of visual and tactile stimuli, ability to track progress longitudinally with a duration of time, improved patient participation, and repetition of specific movements [49].”
Evaluating Rehabilitation Progress Using Motion Features Identified by Machine Learning
Lü, L., Tan, Y., Klaic, M., Galea, M. P., Khan, F., Oliver, A., Mareels, I., Oetomo, D., & Zhao, E. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.3036095 · Cited by 32
“It was indicated that the average rehabilitation process may consist of two stages [31]–[33], (1) the transition stage with an increasing rate improvement for a certain period, the upper limb’s functional ability may be improved in this stage; (2) the steady stage with performance fluctuation, the…”
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“I. INTRODUCTION Robotic exoskeletons provide a promising avenue for assisting stroke patients in recovering motor function by making labor intensive and highly repetitive therapy available and offering a means to make quantitative assessment of recovery progress feasible [1], [2], [3], [4].”
BackgroundAssistive Technologies: Can They Contribute to Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb After Stroke?
Farmer, S., Durairaj, V., Swain, I., & Pandyan, A. D. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.12.020 · Cited by 32
Multimodal Interfaces to Improve Therapeutic Outcomes in Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation
Badesa, F. J., Morales, R., García-Aracil, N., Sabater-Navarro, J. M., Pérez-Vidal, C., & Fernández, E. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews) · doi:10.1109/tsmcc.2012.2201938 · Cited by 32
“effectiveness of repetitive grasp and release exercises [2], constraint induced therapy for the paretic limb [3], [4], increased intensity or duration of therapy including external manipulation [5], biofeedback [6], bilateral movement training [7], [8], and robot-assisted therapy [9]–[12] in restoring motor function i…”
BackgroundThe tolerance for visual feedback distortions in a virtual environment
Matsuoka, Y., Allin, S. J., & Klatzky, R. L. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00914-9 · Cited by 32
On the Use of Divergent Force Fields in Robot-Mediated Neurorehabilitation
Cesqui, B., Aliboni, S., Mazzoleni, S., Carrozza, M. C., Posteraro, F., & Micera, S. (2008) · 2008 2nd IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics · doi:10.1109/biorob.2008.4762927 · Cited by 34
“any research groups have shown that robot-mediated neurorehabilitation is effective in reducing motor impairments [1-4].”
BackgroundDo all sub acute stroke patients benefit from robot-assisted therapy? A retrospective study
Duret, C., Hutin, É., Lehenaff, L., & Graciès, J. (2015) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-140418 · Cited by 31
Movement distributions of stroke survivors exhibit distinct patterns that evolve with training
Huang, F. C., & Patton, J. L. (2016) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-016-0132-y · Cited by 31
Adaptive control of an actuated ankle foot orthosis for paretic patients
Arnez-Paniagua, V., Rifaï, H., Amirat, Y., Ghédira, M., Graciès, J., & Mohammed, S. (2019) · Control Engineering Practice · doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2019.06.003 · Cited by 31
A Hybrid, Soft Exoskeleton Glove Equipped with a Telescopic Extra Thumb and Abduction Capabilities
Gerez, L. F., Dwivedi, A., & Liarokapis, M. V. (2020) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra40945.2020.9197473 · Cited by 31
“The rehabilitation process of impaired people depends on the repetition of movements performing activities of daily living (ADLs) [1], [2].”
BackgroundPérez‐Rodríguez, R., Rodriguez‐Guerrero, C., Costa, U. M., Cáceres, C. A., Tormos, J. M., Medina-Casanovas, J., & Aguilera, E. J. G. (2014) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.11.047 · Cited by 31
O'Malley, M., Ro, T., & Levin, H. (2006) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.332 · Cited by 32
Acceptance of Remote Assistive Robots with and without Human-in-the-Loop for Healthcare Applications
Nertinger, S., Kirschner, R. J., Naceri, A., & Haddadin, S. (2022) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00931-9 · Cited by 31
Orthopaedic rehabilitation: A powered elbow orthosis using compliant actuation
Vanderniepen, I., Ham, R. V., Damme, M. V., Versluys, R., & Lefeber, D. (2009) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2009.5209483 · Cited by 30
Study on the sEMG Driven Upper Limb Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Device in Bilateral Rehabilitation
Pang, M., Guo, S., & Song, Z. (2012) · Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics · doi:10.20965/jrm.2012.p0585 · Cited by 30
Rehabilitation robotics : stimulating restoration of arm function after stroke
Prange, G. B. (2009) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036529013 · Cited by 30
Coşkunsu, D. K., Akcay, S., Oğul, Ö. E., Akyol, D. K., Öztürk, N., Zileli, F., TÜZÜN, B. B., & Krespi, Y. (2022) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13672 · Cited by 29
Dorsch, S., Carling, C., Cao, Z., Fanayan, E., Graham, P. L., McCluskey, A., Schurr, K., Scrivener, K., & Tyson, S. F. (2022) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2022.11.008 · Cited by 29
Bilateral assessment of functional tasks for robot-assisted therapy applications
Johnson, M. J., Wang, S., Bai, P., Strachota, E., Tchekanov, G., Melbye, J., & McGuire, J. R. (2011) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-011-0817-0 · Cited by 31
“We anticipate that bilateral coordination changes with the BiAS would be more clearly seen with bilateral interventional strategies in general [32] and technology-assisted ones such as MIME [2, 22] and BATRAC [32, 34].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntelligent Shoulder Joint Home-Based Self-Rehabilitation Monitoring System
Pan, J., Chung, H.-W., & Huang, J.-J. (2013) · International Journal of Smart Home · doi:10.14257/ijsh.2013.7.5.38 · Cited by 29
“Upper limb rehabilitation requires a high repeatability and long-term continuous treatment, using a rehabilitation robot to replace the manual treatment can enable patients to continuously receive accurate guidance from a physiatrist-like [3, 4].”
BackgroundRobots for Measurement/Clinical Assessment
Lambercy, O., Lünenburger, L., Gassert, R., & Bolliger, M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2277-7_24 · Cited by 29
Robot-aided rehabilitation of neural function in the upper extremities
Riener, R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-33079-1_61 · Cited by 29
“Based on the one-DOF bimanual training devices presented above, Lum et al. [ 28 ] developed the MIME”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPlanar Hand Motion Guidance Using Fingertip Skin-Stretch Feedback
Norman, S. L., Doxon, A. J., Gleeson, B. T., & Provancher, W. R. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2013.2296306 · Cited by 28
Functional magnetic resonance imaging in chronic ischaemic stroke
Lake, E. M. R., Bazzigaluppi, P., & Stefanovic, B. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0353 · Cited by 30
El-Shamy, S. M., & Alsharif, R. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 27
NURSE-2 DoF Device for Arm Motion Guidance: Kinematic, Dynamic, and FEM Analysis
Rico, B. D. M. C., Cafolla, D., Ceccarelli, M., & Castillo-Castañeda, E. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10062139 · Cited by 28
“Therefore, since patients require assistance during the execution of repetitive movements and robotic system advantage this process [5,6], a lot of devices have been developed to support the upper limb exercises.”
BackgroundA 2-DOF Shoulder Exosuit Driven by Modular, Pneumatic, Fabric Actuators
Natividad, R. F., Miller-Jackson, T., & Yeow, C. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics · doi:10.1109/tmrb.2020.3044115 · Cited by 28
Dragusanu, M., Troisi, D., Villani, A., Prattichizzo, D., & Malvezzi, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.862340 · Cited by 28
Chen, W., Cui, X., Zhang, J., & Wang, J. (2015) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4923089 · Cited by 28
Davis, J. Z. (2006) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/d91v-2ney-6fl5-26y2 · Cited by 28
Shirzad, N., & der Loos, H. F. M. V. (2013) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr.2013.6650429 · Cited by 28
“Studies with different upper extremity rehabilitation robots such as MITManus [2], Mirror Image Movement Enabler (MIME) [3], and GENTLE/s [4] have validated the positive effects of training with such devices on motor recovery and functional improvement.”
BackgroundRobot therapy for stroke survivors: proprioceptive training and regulation of assistance
Sanguineti, V., Casadio, M., Vergaro, E., Squeri, V., Giannoni, P., & Morasso, P. (2009) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-018-6-126 · Cited by 28
Chan, I. H. L., Fong, K. N. K., Chan, D. Y., Wang, A. Q. L., Cheng, E. K. N., Chau, P. H. Y., Chow, K. K. Y., & Cheung, H. K. Y. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/9346374 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Lum, P. S., Burgar, C. G., Shor, P. C., Majmundar, M., & Van der Loos, M.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- ORCID
- Lum, Peter S.
- Venue
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 952-959
- ISSN
- 0003-9993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113585314
- Cited by
- 1,159
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 28.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- stroke rehabilitation, upper limb motor function, hemiparesis, neurodevelopmental treatment, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, FIM, arm muscle strength, reaching kinematics, chronic stroke
- MeSH terms
- Stroke Rehabilitation, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Arm, Biomechanical Phenomena, Chronic Disease, Feedback, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Muscle Contraction, Paresis, Robotics, Stress, Mechanical, Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive, Range of Motion, Articular, Treatment Outcome, Sample Size, Stroke
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