The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Global Epidemiology of Diabetes and Kidney Disease
Open accessAbstract
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, with the greatest increases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In most developed countries, type 2 diabetes is presently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and also contributes substantially to cardiovascular disease. In countries with weaker economies type 2 diabetes is rapidly replacing communicable diseases as a leading cause of kidney disease and is increasingly competing for scarce health care resources. Here, we present a narrative review of the prevalence and incidence of diabetes-related kidney disease worldwide. Mortality among those with diabetes and kidney disease will also be explored. Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with chronic kidney disease, we will also examine the level of awareness of this disease among people who have it.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is noteworthy that age has been consistently validated in numerous studies as a pivotal predictor of DKD (5).”
From Machine learning-based risk predictive models for diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Ahmed, A., Jorna, T., & Bhandari, S. (2016) · The Nephron journals/Nephron journals · doi:10.1159/000447068 · Cited by 11,782
KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease
Stevens, P. E., Ahmed, S. B., Carrero, J. J., Foster, B., Francis, A., Hall, R. K., Herrington, W. G., Hill, G., Inker, L. A., Kazancıoğlu, R., et al. (2024) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018 · Cited by 8,530
Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030
Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007 · Cited by 7,216
Differential Diagnosis of Glomerular Disease: A Systematic and Inclusive Approach
Hebert, L. A., Parikh, S. M., Prosek, J. M., Nádasdy, T., & Rovin, B. H. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000354390 · Cited by 4,392
Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives
Jha, V., Garcia-Garcia, G., Iseki, K., Li, Z., Naicker, S., Plattner, B., Saran, R., Wang, A. Y.-M., & Yang, C.-W. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60687-x · Cited by 4,383
Zhou, B., Lu, Y., Hajifathalian, K., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Danaei, G., Bixby, H., Cowan, M., Ali, M., Taddei, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00618-8 · Cited by 4,311
Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., & Michels, A. W. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60591-7 · Cited by 2,931
Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1008862 · Cited by 2,726
US Renal Data System 2016 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States
Saran, R., Robinson, B. M., Abbott, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y. C., Albertus, P., Ayanian, J. Z., Balkrishnan, R., Bragg‐Gresham, J. L., Cao, J., Chen, J. L. T., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.004 · Cited by 2,192
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 111 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2018, 2017 USRDS Annual Data Report: Executive Summary. Chapter 2: Identification and Care of Patients With CKD, Am J Kidney Dis, 71, S31
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–684 of 684
Daloğlu, O. O., Ünal, M. Ç., Guller, P. U., Alak, Z. Y. Ş., Güçlü, M., & Kiyici, S. K. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5925053/v2 · Cited by 1
Li, X., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Yu, T., Jiang, S., Gao, Y., Zhang, H., & Li, W. (2025) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2025.2510552
Prouvot, J., Reboul, P., Ahmadpoor, P., Clemmer, E., Gerbal, M., Garo, F., Cariou, S., Pambrun, E., Messikh, Z., & Moranne, O. P. (2025) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-025-02286-6
Ribosomes under stress: GCN2 integrates translational dysfunction and pain signaling
Rodríguez-Palma, E. J., & Khanna, R. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003762
Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Versatile Disease
Granados‐Silvestre, M. D. L. Á., Ortiz‐López, M. G., & Sanchez-Pozos, K. A. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815305692125010013
Fang, Y., Jing, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, H., Xia, J., Lei, T., Lu, J., & Gao, J. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109162 · Cited by 1
Levin-Iaina, N., El’Nasasra, H., & Benaim, A. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Nephrology · doi:10.3389/fneph.2025.1664369
Sharma, L., & Banerjee, D. (2025) · Discover Food · doi:10.1007/s44187-025-00625-x
Chang, Y.-C., Chen, J.-C., Lin, S.-Y., Lin, K., Ho, P.-S., Chen, C.-H., Fu, Y.-C., & Lee, T.-C. (2025) · Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.1002/kjm2.70124
Khan, A., Muhammad, W., Khan, M. A., Bhatti, M. I., Karishma, F., & Karim, A. (2025) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-025-04836-0
Rossi, M. R., Kawai, L. H. R., Mazzali, M., & de Sousa, M. V. (2025) · Brazilian Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.53855/bjt.v28i1.717_eng
Rossi, M. R., Kawai, L. H. R., Mazzali, M., & de Sousa, M. V. (2025) · Brazilian Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.53855/bjt.v28i1.717_port
Htike, K. M., Thi, W. M., & Kumar, R. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-025-01768-5
Su, M., Si, X., & Tian, L. (2025) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-025-02595-z
Mohammed, H. S. Z., Elfetiany, O. S., Omar, W. E., & Roushdy, W. N. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04704-9
Kimura, K., TAKAGI, Y., Harada, M., Ueda, S., Minamisawa, M., Sonoda, K., Oiwa, A., Yazaki, Y., Sakurai, S., Tomita, T., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-025-01822-8
Huang, X., Yu, N., Yu, H., & Yang, S. (2025) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-025-04624-z
You, J. H., Son, K. J., Park, K. S., Lee, B., & Song, S. O. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6120145
Renal manifestations and diabetes mellitus: the missing link
Akpalu, J., Boima, V., & Abobi-Kanbigs, D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33090-2.00009-6
Su, P.-P., Liu, D.-W., Zhou, S., Chen, H., Wu, X.-M., & Liu, Z.-S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19881431
Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Liu, J., Li, X., Yang, K., Danyi, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, L., 刘伏友, et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22688753
Sohouli, M. H., Tavakoli, S., Reis, M. G., Hekmatdoost, A., & Guimarães, N. S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26094488
Sohouli, M. H., Tavakoli, S., Reis, M. G., Hekmatdoost, A., & Guimarães, N. S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26738268
Dubey, V. P., Kansagra, J. J., Sureja, V., & Kheni, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686359
Sohouli, M. H., Tavakoli, S., Reis, M. G., Hekmatdoost, A., & Guimarães, N. S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26738271
Li, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., You, Q., Jiang, Q., Yin, X., & Cao, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23550232
Sohouli, M. H., Tavakoli, S., Reis, M. G., Hekmatdoost, A., & Guimarães, N. S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26094402
Alsalemi, N., Sadowski, C. A., Elftouh, N., Louis, M., Kilpatrick, K., Houle, S. K. D., & Lafrance, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19681822
Su, P.-P., Liu, D.-W., Zhou, S., Chen, H., Wu, X.-M., & Liu, Z.-S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19881428
Alsalemi, N., Sadowski, C. A., Elftouh, N., Louis, M., Kilpatrick, K., Houle, S. K. D., & Lafrance, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19681828
Alsalemi, N., Sadowski, C. A., Elftouh, N., Louis, M., Kilpatrick, K., Houle, S. K. D., & Lafrance, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19681825
Synergizing CDIO Framework and Sustainable Development Goals in Psychological Assessment
Dizon, A. R. A. (2025) · International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.14419/qbyqtb59
Varshney, S., Aslam, M., Husain, A., Ashraf, H., Raza, A., & Fatima, R. (2025) · International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases · doi:10.4103/jncd.jncd_122_25
Costa, V. C. S., Pinheiro, M. M., Cabreira, G. T., Bustelli, I. B., Santos, J. F., Ventura, S., Santos, L. S. C., Vattimo, M. D. F. F., & Silva, E. D. O. (2026) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2025-0143pt
Tang, H., & Liu, S. (2026) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2026.168171
Zhao, B., Zhan, S., Zhou, X., Yu, P., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1583065
Du, G., Jin, Y., Qiu, P., Wu, X., Wang, R., & Lu, X. (2026) · JVS-Vascular Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jvsvi.2026.100376
Maqsood, M., Sharif, S., Saqib, M., Maqsood, M., Naz, S., Rafaqat, S., & Hasan, A. (2026) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733998433035251219191845
Hailu, W., Dejene, T. A., Medhin, M. T. G., Molla, M. D., Birru, E. M., Alemu, S., & Awoke, T. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0343210
Association of TyG index and ALOX12 rs112667 polymorphism with T2DM and DKD in Chinese adults
Yin, Y., Yang, M., Deng, W., & Zheng, W. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-026-01919-2
Kanazashi, M., Tanaka, M., & Tsumori, T. (2026) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.70054
Wang, Y., Liu, X., & Zhenwen, X. I. A. O. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1811189
Chaudhary, K., Aslam, M., Husain, A., Ashraf, H., Raza, A., Fatima, R., & Nagvanshi, M. R. (2026) · Indian Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.4103/ijkd.ijkd_41_25
Ma, J., Hao, M., Yao, J., Li, Y., & Liu, T. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000048247
Nobayashi, H., Satoh, M., Hirose, T., Nakayama, S., Iwabe, Y., Yagihashi, T., Hashimoto, H., Murakami, T., Okada, K., Mori, T., et al. (2026) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-026-02865-2
Muzurović, E. M., Zečević, K., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2026) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-026-02367-3
Low visceral fat and kidney disease risk in men with diabetes
Zoccali, C., & Mallamaci, F. (2026) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00045-8
Zhao, S., Li, Y., Li, W., Dong, L., Lian, R., Luo, Q., 连兴基, Li, J., & He, F. (2026) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.70424
Endocan level and its association with glycemic and inflammatory indices in diabetic nephropathy
Al-Mayahi, L. M., & Shammaree, S. A. W. A. (2026) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-026-02274-2
The Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Ulcer-Related Outcomes in Hospitalized Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Sripatpong, J., Krittiyawong, S., Chatchomchuan, W., Wanothayaroj, E., Srikummoon, T., Klinoubol, P., Chotwanvirat, P., Butadej, S., Nakasatien, S., Himathongkam, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · doi:10.15605/jafes.041.01.5197
Sahu, A., Gupta, U., Baishya, B., Kaul, A., Yadav, S., & Sinha, N. (2026) · Biophysical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2026.107641
Suja, A. B., Nair, B. G., Stary, G. P., & Geetha, R. R. (2026) · Indian Journal of Medical Biochemistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0275
Rajalakshmi, R., Pradeepa, R., Anjana, R. M., Sivaprasad, S., Baskar, V., & Viswanathan, M. (2026) · Journal of Diabetology · doi:10.4103/jod.jod_8_26
Zeighami, S., Shaabani, S., Moheb, M., Pakfetrat, M., Azarchehry, S. P., Dehghankhalili, S., Mirahmadizadeh, A., Sahebi, R., Keshavarzian, O., & Heiran, A. (2026) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2026.103438
Cardiovascular‐Kidney‐Metabolic Syndrome: Conceptualising an Approach to Health Economic Modelling
FOOS, V., Chen, J., McEwan, P. C., Evans, M., Jhund, P. S., Kalra, P. R., Hongtu Zhu, B., Wheeler, D. C., Roberts, G. M., Cowie, M., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70976
McGill, J. B., Green, J., Heerspink, H. J. L., Mann, J. F. E., Mottl, A. K., Rosenstock, J., Rossing, P. R., Vaduganathan, M., Nangaku, M., BRINKER, M. D., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70949
Genetic and epigenetic landscape of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Patil, P. C., Surve, S., Kaleem, M., Bachhav, R. S., & Kayali, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33590-7.00012-5
Prognostic models for diabetic kidney disease outcomes: A systematic review
Yang, D., Fan, Y., Xu, Y., Jin, K., Ma, Y., & Wang, R. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70391
Li, X., Duan, J., Xie, C., Ma, X., & Jia, X. F. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9996851/v1
Cinar, D., Altınöz, E., Başak, F., Kuşat, T., Biçer, Y., & Üğe, M. (2026) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2026.103796
Hu, X., Li, Y., Luo, B., Yang, W. Y., Xia, C., & wang, J. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356691
Pesce, F., Strizzi, C. T., Granata, A., Bracaccia, M. E., Muzi, L., Liakopoulos, V., & Grandaliano, G. (2026) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1093/joneph/aajag074
Yap, S. Y., Shah, S. A., Mustafar, R., & Hassan, N. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28520-9
Plengsuriyakarn, T., Chai่jaroenkul, W., Youngvises, N., Sirisabhabhorn, K., Bubpha, W., & Na‐Bangchang, K. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.70322
Franco, M. L., Beyerstedt, S., Barbosa, B. S., Alves, T. M. R., Silva, A. F. D., Mariano, M. O., Carlos, A. K., Arjona, J. E., Josefi-Rocha, G. R., Bastos, R. M. C., et al. (2026) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1093/stmcls/sxag043
Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Individuals With CKD: The REGARDS Study
Li, X., Vélez, J. A. J., Kanney, N., Landrum, A., Edwards, L. J., Gutiérrez, O. M., Long, D. L., & Hidalgo, B. (2026) · Kidney Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2026.101498
Zhou, Y., & Zhu, J. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000050146
Patil, R. S., Rooge, S. B., & Arvindekar, A. U. (2026) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-026-02621-3
Eto, F., Samuel, M., Stow, D., Henkin, R., Angdembe, A., Barnes, M. R., Finer, S., & Mathur, R. (2026) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1005196
Jia, Y., Liu, S., Xu, T., Cao, X., Shen, L., & Tang, M. (2026) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2026.2727501
Trends in type 1 and type 2 diabetic kidney disease in China, the USA, and the UK, 1990–2023
Yang, Z., Wei, X., Jiang, S., Sun, S., Zhou, J., Li, C., Cui, W., Lu, J., & Li, W. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113524
Guzmán, G. E., Figueroa, F., Granados, S., Arias‐Valderrama, O., Giraldo, J., & Durán, C. E. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000050385
Lei, J., Sheng, J., Li, W.-B., Tao, Y., Guo, J., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-026-02787-1
Zhao, S., Hu, H., Zhao, X., Zhang, L., & Niu, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1905743
Fahimi, R., Alrubayyi, A., Hassan, M., Barber, T. M., & Uthman, O. A. (2026) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70400
Zhang, H., Deng, M., Huang, J., Zhai, Z., Wen, Q., Liao, S., Wang, X., Cheng, D., He, L., & Li, S. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03681
Nonlinear association of NPAR with diabetic nephropathy: evidence from a cross-sectional studyPreprint
Zan, Y., Qiu, J., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, J., Xu, S., Fang, L., Zhan, J., & Liu, J. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10974439/v1
Habte-Asres, H., Afuwape, S., Heald, A., Wheeler, D. C., & Forbes, A. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70481
Zhu, Q., Ge, Y., Wang, T., Dong, H., Liu, M., Xu, Z., Yin, P., & Liu, J. (2026) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-026-05415-7
Hsu, S., Zelnick, L. R., de Boer, I. H., Rubin, M. R., & Nickolas, T. L. (2026) · JBMR Plus · doi:10.1093/jbmrpl/ziag166
Chen, C., Chang, T.-I., Chen, C.-Y., Lu, D.-E., Chu, Y.-L., Huang, N.-J., Cheng, C.-Y., Chen, T.-H., Hsieh, H., & Liu, C.-T. (2026) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158870
Cai, T., Jiao, Y., Chen, X., Kong, X., Chen, C., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Hua, J., Liu, X., Cai, B., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1908195
Bhattarai, D., Nwaduru, C. E., Cardoso, R. P., Pollard, S. H., Buff, M. A., Fenlon, M. R., Selim, M. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16111807
Metadata
- Authors
- Koye, D. N., Magliano, D. J., Nelson, R. G., & Pavkov, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pavkov, Meda E.
- Venue
- Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-132
- ISSN
- 1548-5595 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11000253
- OpenAlex
- W2790284551
- Cited by
- 686
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 6.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, end-stage renal disease, diabetes prevalence, diabetes incidence, diabetes mortality, cardiovascular disease, low- and middle-income countries, disease awareness
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Nephropathies, Humans, Global Health, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review