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Food, Immunity, and the Microbiome
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that ingested diet-borne components are involved in the pathogenesis of disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients can have short- and long-term effects in shaping the composition of the microbiota. Western diets (enriched in fat, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine) promote inflammation and atherosclerosis through specific fatty acids and degradation products such as trimethylamine N-oxide. Other dietary factors such as carbazoles or tryptophan-enriched proteins have anti-inflammatory properties-partly via activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors. The microbiota and its metabolic machinery produce a myriad of metabolites that serve as important messengers between the diet, microbiota, and host. Short-chain fatty acids affect immune responses and epithelial integrity via G-protein-coupled receptors and epigenetic mechanisms. By increasing our understanding of interactions between diet, immunity, and the microbiota, we might develop food-based approaches to prevent or treat many diseases. There now is scientific evidence to support the adage "we are what we eat," and this process begins in early life.
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“A comprehensive review of this topic is beyond the scope of this review, however, a significant body of evidence demonstrates that consuming a GM-favorable diet can positively influence the GM, improve health status, and enhance cognitive function (506–510).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [506]
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“This is likely due to the availability of prebiotics, probiotics, SCFAs, and polyphenols.”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [506]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tilg, H., & Moschen, A. R.
- Affiliations
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Tilg, Herbert
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1107-1119
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988309547
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tiroler Wissenschaftsförderung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Keywords
- diet-microbiome interactions, gut microbiota, immune regulation, short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, Western diet, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, carbazole, tryptophan, phosphatidylcholine, L-carnitine, microbial metabolites, G protein-coupled receptors, epigenetic mechanisms, epithelial barrier integrity, inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Inflammation, Nutritional Status, Risk Factors, Immunity, Mucosal, Gastrointestinal Tract, Malnutrition, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Microbiota
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