The DOI matches its Crossref record; 118 of the 118 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 178 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Update on Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms, and Outlook
Open accessAbstract
The community of microorganisms within the human gut (or microbiota) is critical to health and functions with a level of complexity comparable to that of an organ system. Alterations of this ecology (or dysbiosis) have been implicated in a number of disease states, and the prototypical example is Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been demonstrated to durably alter the gut microbiota of the recipient and has shown efficacy in the treatment of patients with recurrent CDI. There is hope that FMT may eventually prove beneficial for the treatment of other diseases associated with alterations in gut microbiota, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and metabolic syndrome, to name a few. Although the basic principles that underlie the mechanisms by which FMT shows therapeutic efficacy in CDI are becoming apparent, further research is needed to understand the possible role of FMT in these other conditions. Although relatively simple to perform, questions regarding both short-term and long-term safety as well as the complex and rapidly evolving regulatory landscape has limited widespread use. Future work will focus on establishing best practices and more robust safety data than exist currently, as well as refining FMT beyond current "whole-stool" transplants to increase safety and tolerability. Encapsulated formulations, full-spectrum stool-based products, and defined microbial consortia are all in the immediate future.
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Claims the paper makes
116 Not checked yet · 43 No basis given · 27 Own interpretation · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Weingarden and colleagues reported an increase in secondary bile acids following FMT compared to pre-transplant stool samples.19”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [19] Weingarden, 2013, Resolution of severe Clostridium difficile infection following sequential fecal microbiota transplantation, J Clin Gastroenterol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The case-series description and Discussion (page unavailable) report clinical responses to FMT in four patients with severe CDI, but do not report stool bile-acid measurements or a pre- versus post-transplant comparison. Searches for “secondary bile acids,” “bile acids,” and “pre-transplant stool samples” found no passage addressing the claimed increase. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A more recent study in mice treated with the antibiotic cefoperazone suggests that antibiotic treatment alters the fecal metabolome related to microbial function.48”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Khanna, 2012, The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study, Am J Gastroenterol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, studies have demonstrated that patients suffering from recurrent CDI are deficient in phyla of bacteria normally dominant in the colon6,45 (Figure 1).”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Khoruts, 2010, Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, J Clin Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Rupnik, 2009, Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis, Nat Rev Microbiol source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and administration of a cocktail containing a member of Lachnospiraceae was reported to cure CDI in mice52.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Rea, 2010, Thuricin CD, a posttranslationally modified bacteriocin with a narrow spectrum of activity against Clostridium difficile, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Published data do not demonstrate a significant difference in success with FMT whether the donor stool is mixed in tap water, milk, or normal saline (sterile, nonbacteriostatic), although the latter is presumed to be less likely to affect the microbiota of the donor specimen.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Current Treatment Guidelines and Methods > Stool Preparation and Methods of Administration
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In the paper
“Numerous case reports, retrospective case series and a single randomized controlled trial have demonstrated benefit of FMT in patients with severe or recurrent CDI with cure rates as high as 100% and a mean cure rate of 87–90% for the over 500 cases reported in the world literature to date.3–5”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Cammarota, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review, J Clin Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Kassam, 2013, Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Gastroenterol source
boosteddirectn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“it is likely other members of the gut microbiota secrete similar antimicrobials.53”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Buffie, 2015, Precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to Clostridium difficile, Nature source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Conversely, a small, open label pilot study comparing upper and lower GI routes of administration did not show any differences44”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Chang, 2008, Decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, J Infect Dis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While antibiotics are a major risk factor for CDI, community acquired CDI is becoming increasingly common in the absence of antibiotic use.49”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Shahinas, 2012, Toward an understanding of changes in diversity associated with fecal microbiome transplantation based on 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing, mBio source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A more recent study by Butte et al. showed treatment with either a consortium of bacteria or C. scindens both of which harbor the gene encoding 7-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase required for secondary bile acid synthesis can ameliorate CDI in mice.54”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Wallis, 1909, The surgery of colitis, Br Med J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 71
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though FMT appears to be safe, with few short-term adverse effects or complications directly attributed to the procedure yet reported”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It is now understood that the gut microbiota coevolved with the human host over thousands of years and are integral to overall human physiology, playing a pivotal role in metabolism, immune system function and maintenance of gut homeostasis.1, 2”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Introduction
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the restoration of more typical microbial communities, which come to resemble those of the donor post-transplant, persists in a durable fashion after FMT.6, 7”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Khoruts, 2010, Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, J Clin Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Hamilton, 2013, High-throughput DNA sequence analysis reveals stable engraftment of gut microbiota following transplantation of previously frozen fecal bacteria, Gut Microbes source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore successful FMT restores members of Lachnospiraceae and other butyrate producing organisms supporting their potential role in outcompeting C. difficile.50”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Reeves, 2012, Suppression of Clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tracts of germfree mice inoculated with a murine isolate from the family Lachnospiraceae, Infect Immun source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This study, conducted in the Netherlands, showed duodenal infusion of donor feces to effectively resolve recurrent CDI in 81% of patients treated, compared to only 31% efficacy of a standard course of oral vancomycin.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mechanisms underlying decreased fitness of C. difficile following FMT still remain elusive but likely include niche exclusion, competition for nutrients and creation of a nutrient milieu unfavorable for growth, ability of members of healthy gut microbiota to produce antimicrobials that inhibit growth of C. difficile and an increase in secondary bile acid production.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“FMT has been examined in both young and old, patients with limited comorbidities as well as those considered to be immunocompromised,43 and the procedure has been shown to be safe, well-tolerated, and effective.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Youngster, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficle infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study, Clin Infect Dis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They reported an overall 90% response rate making oral administration a viable alternative to the current practice of administering fecal material via an endoscopic procedure thus decreasing both cost and potential procedural complications.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Youngster, 2014, Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Decrease in Lachnospiraceae has been associated with severe CDI suggesting a protective role for members of this family51”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Lawley, 2012, Targeted restoration of the intestinal microbiota with a simple, defined bacteriotherapy resolves relapsing Clostridium difficile disease in mice, PLoS Pathog source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“however a few case reports suggest that it may be safe and effective even in critically ill patients18–21.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Current Treatment Guidelines and Methods > Indications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] You, 2008, Successful treatment of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection with fecal bacteriotherapy, Ann Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Weingarden, 2013, Resolution of severe Clostridium difficile infection following sequential fecal microbiota transplantation, J Clin Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Trubiano, 2013, Faecal microbiota transplantation for severe Clostridium difficile infection in the intensive care unit, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Neemann, 2012, Fecal microbiota transplantation for fulminant Clostridium difficile infection in an allogeneic stem cell transplant patient, Transpl Infect Dis source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a systematic review, Cammarota et al. observed that lower gastrointestinal route (colonoscopy, enema) led to the achievement of higher eradication rates than upper delivery (gastroscopy, nasogastric or nasointestinal tube) (81–86% vs 84–93%, respectively)3.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Cammarota, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review, J Clin Gastroenterol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, FMT appeared safe, with no serious adverse events in these subjects.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An early study investigating the effect of antibiotics on gut microbiota function described decreased urobilinogen and fecal tryptic activity as well as decreased conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol following antibiotic treatment.25”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Gustafsson, 1999, The effect of faecal enema on five microflora-associated characteristics in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Scand J Gastroenterol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“of the over 500 cases reported to date3, FMT has demonstrated rapid response and a cure rate of nearly 90%, with a negligible significant adverse event rate, regardless of route.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Cammarota, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review, J Clin Gastroenterol source
boosteddirectn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“though a cost-effectiveness study showed FMT dominated (i.e. was less costly and more effective) than vancomycin for initial CDI42.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Current Treatment Guidelines and Methods > Stool Preparation and Methods of Administration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Kelly, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients, Am J Gastroenterol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FMT appears to result in durable engraftment of new species from donor as well as augmentation of species present at only very low levels prior to FMT6.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Khoruts, 2010, Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, J Clin Gastroenterol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FMT represents one of the most efficacious treatments available for recurrent CDI, though the exact mechanism of effect still remains to be elucidated.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous case reports, retrospective case series and a single randomized controlled trial have demonstrated benefit of FMT in patients with severe or recurrent CDI with cure rates as high as 100% and a mean cure rate of 87–90% for the over 500 cases reported in the world literature to date.3–5”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Cammarota, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review, J Clin Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Kassam, 2013, Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Gastroenterol source
boosteddirectn = 500- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dethlefsen et al. investigated the effect of ciprofloxacin in three individuals and found reduced microbial taxonomic diversity, richness and evenness, although the magnitude of effect differed among individuals.47”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Theriot, 2014, Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection, Nat Commun source
plaindirectn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly these changes were modified following fecal transplant from healthy individuals with increased appearance of coprostanol and urobilinogen.25”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Gustafsson, 1999, The effect of faecal enema on five microflora-associated characteristics in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Scand J Gastroenterol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the study by Moayyedi et. al, seventy-five patients with active UC were randomized to a weekly FMT or water enema for 6 weeks, and there was a statistically significant difference in remission, the primary outcome, between the two groups.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Rossen, 2015, Findings from a randomized controlled trial of fecal transplantation for patients with ulcerative colitis, Gastroenterology source
plaindirectn = 75- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, it is difficult to infer robust conclusions about the safety and efficacy of FMT for IBD from these studies because they were under-powered, open-labeled, lacked uniformity in treatment protocols and delivery approaches, and did not include control groups.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exact mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence obesity still remain to be elucidated”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > Obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Preliminary case reports of FMT enemas in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) were promising, reporting that patients achieved clinical remission, and maintained remission over long-term follow-up in many of the cases61, 62”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The dysbiosis is characterized by a decreased diversity at the species level, with notable decreases in the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Lachnospiraceae group within the Firmicutes phylum and increases in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria.59”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Sokol, 2008, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“IBS is a widely prevalent chronic GI disorder affecting nearly 20% of the North American population85”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > Irritable bowel syndrome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Matto, 2005, Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome—a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, flares of FMT in patients with both UC and CD have been described,43, 75, 76 raising important questions around safety and the potential to worsen disease in some patients.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Youngster, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficle infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study, Clin Infect Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Kelly, 2014, New diagnosis of Crohn's colits 6 weeks after fecal microbiota transplantation, Inflamm Bowel Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Moayyedi, 2015, Fecal microbiota transplantation induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis in a randomized, controlled trial, Gastroenterology source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“is associated with significant morbidity and health care expenditure.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > Irritable bowel syndrome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Matto, 2005, Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome—a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The pooled estimates were highest in younger patients (7–20 years old) and in patients with Crohn’s disease, with 64.1% and 60.5% achieving clinical remission, respectively.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Suskind, 2015, Fecal microbial transplant effect on clinical outcomes and fecal microbiome in active Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis source
plaincorrelationaln = 122- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This review also found that although FMT was not associated with any serious adverse events during short-term follow up, a number of patients experienced fever, chills, and gastrointestinal symptoms including bloating, flatulence, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal tenderness.73”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > FMT for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Suskind, 2015, Fecal microbial transplant effect on clinical outcomes and fecal microbiome in active Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis source
plaincorrelationaln = 122- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The underlying pathophysiology of symptoms in IBS is not well defined though both central and perpipheral mechanisms have been implicated.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > Irritable bowel syndrome
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Transmission of enteric pathogens via FMT is also an important concern but appears to be rare with current screening.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Kahn, 2012, Colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a child, Am J Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [108] Russell, 2014, Fecal transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in children with and without inflammatory bowel disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr source
hedgedn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“nearly 90% of patients who were treated with FMT had an improvement in defecation and decreased abdominal bloating after FMT with 60% showing long term benefit from 9–19 months.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > Irritable bowel syndrome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Hamilton MJ, Weingarden AR, Sadowsky MJ, et al. Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Gastroenterol;107:761–767. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The other died 13 days post-FMT secondary to progressive pneumonia, for which she was treated with antibiotics before and after FMT. This death was felt to be unrelated to the FMT.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Youngster, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficle infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study, Clin Infect Dis source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FMT appears to be relatively safe in the short-term, especially when compared to its efficacy in treating recurrent CDI.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [27] MacConnachie, 2009, Faecal transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a UK case series, Q J Med
- Not checked yetcites [35] Mattila, 2012, Fecal transplantation, through colonoscopy, is effective therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Gastroenterology source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, changes in microbiota composition are not consistent across studies, possibly due to heterogeneous study populations and differing methodologies for sample preparation and analysis.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > Irritable bowel syndrome
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Balsari, 1982, The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome, Microbiologica
- Not checked yetcites [87] Malinen, 2005, Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR, Am J Gastroenterol source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Simren, 2013, Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome Foundation report, Gut source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Crouzet, 2013, The hypersensitivity to colonic distension of IBS patients can be transferred to rats through their fecal microbiota, Neurogastroenterol Motil source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such risks include the possible transmission of infectious agents via FMT or development of diseases/conditions related to changes in the gut microbiota.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Potential Long-term adverse events
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The influence of route of administration on development of symptoms after FMT is uncertain.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In both cases donors were asymptomatic, and testing for norovirus in one of the donors was negative.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] Kahn, 2012, Colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a child, Am J Gastroenterol source
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FMT is being actively investigated as a therapeutic strategy for many other diseases including the metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, multidrug resistant organism eradication, hepatic encephalopathy and pediatric allergy disorders.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > FMT in Diseases Other than Clostridium difficile > Other Indications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These symptoms, which resolved in all patients within 3 hours, were not reported in the control group receiving only bowel lavage.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among 16 patients receiving FMT via duodenal infusion plus bowel lavage, 15 experienced diarrhea, 5 abdominal cramps, 3 belching, and 1 nausea.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, there were two deaths, one an aspiration event related to the procedure used to administer FMT and 17% of IBD patients experienced disease flare post-FMT.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Youngster, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficle infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study, Clin Infect Dis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These include complications of endoscopy, such as perforation and bleeding, and side effects related to sedation, such as aspiration43.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Short-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Youngster, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficle infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study, Clin Infect Dis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the recent emergence FMT, little data exists regarding long-term events and many are speculative.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“production of the pro-atherogenic metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide is dependent on the gut microbiota, and increased levels of this metabolite are associated with an increase in major cardiovascular events111.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Safety of FMT > Potential Long-term adverse events
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] van Nood, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplantation: facts and controversies, Curr Opin Gastroenterol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients suffering from recurrent CDI are desperate for a cure and may seek guidance from online communities.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Patient Perceptions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Patients with recurrent CDI are desperate for a cure and may seek guidance from online communities.
In the paper
“a YouTube video describing do-it-yourself FMT has been viewed over 45,000 times.112”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Patient Perceptions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Allen-Vercoe, 2012, A Canadian Working Group report on fecal microbial therapy: microbial ecosystems therapeutics, Can J Gastroenterol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“others have reported on the safety and efficacy of FMT for children with recurrent CDI without underlying IBD via nasogastric tube, colonoscopy, and capsules with a cure rate of 92% (24/26) and no serious adverse events reported.117, 121–124”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Pediatric Considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Khanna S, Pardi D, Kelly C, et al. Clinical evaluation of SER-109, a rationally designed, oral microbiome-based therapeutic for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile. 2014.
- Not checked yetcites [121]
- Not checked yetcites [122]
- Not checked yetcites [123]
- Not checked yetcites [124]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia, where FMT is not considered a drug or regulated for any indication, has provided no communications regarding FMT.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The IND process is largely tailored to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory experts.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Brandt et al surveyed the perceptions of 77 patients who had experienced recurrences of CDI and were treated with FMT; 97% reported that they would want FMT in the event of another recurrence, and 53% of them would have opted for FMT as primary treatment prior to a trial of antibiotics for their first recurrence if given the option.32”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Patient Perceptions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Brandt, 2012, Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Am J Gastroenterol source
plainn = 77- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In children with recurrent CDI and underlying IBD, the data the data is mixed, highlighting the difficulty in distinguishing a clinical response to an infection that may have the same symptoms as the underlying disease.118, 121, 124”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Pediatric Considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Petrof, 2013, Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: ‘RePOOPulating’ the gut, Microbiome source
- Not checked yetcites [121]
- Not checked yetcites [124]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“without large randomized controlled studies to support safety and efficacy, it is an unapproved product and an investigational new drug application (IND) is required in order to administer FMT.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“currently there is no data to support its use for these conditions and studies are ongoing.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Pediatric Considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lack of adequate reimbursement for the time required by physicians may be a further deterrent.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Patient Perceptions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Lack of adequate reimbursement for physician time may deter FMT use.
In the paper
“the agency has maintained that, at this point, the process of donor eligibility determination and screening, stool processing and infusion defines the FMT “product” and falls under FDA jurisdiction.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Limited studies on patient perceptions regarding FMT done to date report that patients recognize the unappealing nature of FMT, yet are still open to considering it as a treatment, especially when recommended by a physician.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Patient Perceptions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] US Food and Drug Adminstration. FDA drug definition. FDA Glossary of terms. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/drugs/informationondrugs/ucm079436.htm#D. Accessed May 1, 2015.
- Not checked yetcites [114] US Food and Drug Adminstration. Guidance for industry: enforcement policy regarding investigational new drug requirements for use of fecal microbiota for transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile infection not responsive to standard therapies. July 2013. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Vaccines/UCM361393.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2015.
- Not checked yetcites [115] Kelly, 2014, Guidance on preparing an investigational new drug application for fecal microbiota transplantation studies, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Requiring physicians to hold an IND to administer FMT would prevent many from offering this therapy and ensure that only commercial entities with the means to navigate the regulatory process and fund large clinical trials will control this effective therapy.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There has also been significant parental interest in FMT for the treatment of other childhood diseases such as food allergies, autism, and chronic diarrhea”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Pediatric Considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The case involved a 2 year old child with recalcitrant CDI that had failed an exhaustive course, including probiotics, metronidazole, pulsed-dose vancomycin, rifaximin, and nitazoxanide, who experienced complete resolution of symptoms within 36 hours of FMT.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Pediatric Considerations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Petrof, 2013, Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: ‘RePOOPulating’ the gut, Microbiome source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though several FMT trials are ongoing in China, there has been no indication that The Ministry of Health intends to exercise authority over the procedure.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined that administered stool constitutes a biological product and a drug”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Health Canada considers FMT and related synthetic stool therapies as a “New Biologic Drug” and requires any clinical study go through the process of a clinical trial application (CTA) to ensure that quality and safety standards are met.127”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In turn, the safety of such products would be monitored by post-market surveillance registries as required by the FDA for biologics and drugs.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A priori knowledge is not available regarding the impact of transferring these complex communities from one individual to another, although many studies in mice indicate that the composition of the gut microbiota can affect host susceptibility to diseases.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Encapsulated formulations of fecal material would help make FMT accessible to many more patients, simplify clinical trials and, if proven safe, could potentially be used earlier in the course of disease.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“national societies have attempted to provide guidance to practitioners through published guidelines and editorials16, 130, 131 but the degree of adherence to these recommendations is unknown.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Bakken, 2011, Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol source
- Not checked yetcites [130]
- Not checked yetcites [131]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is speculation that other conditions marked by dysbiosis can be treated with FMT in some form, though these conditions are more complex and the outcomes after microbial manipulation are unlikely to be as dramatic and predictably effective as with CDI.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Other dysbiosis-associated conditions are more complex than CDI.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, clinical trials of FMT for C. difficile do not fall under enforcement discretion and require an IND.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Frozen preparations of donor material will enable eligible patients to be treated more easily and facilitate clinical research.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Information about the effectiveness of FMT as well as both short- and long-term safety data are not systematically collected, with the only available information being case reports published in the literature.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Commercialized preparations of human stool are currently in clinical trials and it is conceivable that the FDA might cease to offer enforcement discretion entirely once one or more of these products is approved and commercially available.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gut microbiota is a complex consortium with many components that have never been characterized.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the timeline for the development of these products is currently unknown, a number are in late stage development and may be available within the next few years.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Openbiome is a stool bank located in Medford, MA USA.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the absence of other therapies FMT remains the mainstay for management of recurrent CDI not responsive to conventional therapy.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there has been considerable interest in the development of a national FMT registry involving collaboration between national professional and advocacy societies.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The position of the FDA on this matter continues to evolve.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear that the regulatory landscape will continue to evolve as microbiota-based therapeutics emerge.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The regulatory landscape will continue to evolve as microbiota-based therapeutics emerge.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These include full spectrum stool-based products as well as defined microbial consortia.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They then developed a defined microbial community of 33 strains termed RePOOPulate based on antibiotic susceptibility profiles, culturability and community robustness and administered it to two patients with relapsing C. difficile diarrhea in a proof of principle study.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133]
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the value of FMT in treating recurrent CDI is clear, its potential long-term detrimental consequences, both beneficial and detrimental, are unknown.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This policy has enabled many patients suffering from recurrent CDI to receive FMT, but is probably only temporary.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is very likely that whole-stool FMT, as currently practiced, is a short-term bridge for the treatment of CDI that will be replaced by commercially developed products.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Whole-stool FMT as currently practiced will be replaced by commercially developed products.
In the paper
“the FDA will not enforce its own requirement that FMT be done under IND, as long as providers obtain informed consent, detail risks around the procedure, and explain that FMT is considered an investigational therapy.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Regulatory issues
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This non-profit organization has already supplied over 2000 doses of donor stool to over 200 institutions in the United States at a cost of around $250 USD per dose and has recently secured an IND for this product.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a registry would serve as a unique national resource of information about the clinical practice of FMT in the U.S.”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Future of FMT & Microbial Therapeutics
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Alterations in gut ecology (dysbiosis) are implicated in multiple disease states, with CDI as the prototypical example.
“Alterations of this ecology (or dysbiosis) has been implicated in a number of disease states, the prototypical example being Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with severe CDI are at greater risk for poor outcomes.
“Certainly patients with severe CDI are at greater risk for poor outcomes and decisions to proceed with FMT, versus surgery or other standard of care modalities, should be made with caution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
C. difficile generally causes disease in people with decreased diversity of gastrointestinal microflora, typically due to antibiotic use.
“C. difficile is an opportunistic organism, which generally causes disease in persons with decreased diversity of the gastrointestinal microflora (typically as a result of antibiotic use).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bile acid composition significantly affects C. difficile growth, with primary bile acids such as taurocholate favoring germination of C. difficile spores.
“Bile acid composition can significantly impact C. difficile growth with primary bile acids such as taurocholate favoring germination of C. difficile spores.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A lack of effective non-surgical therapies for obesity is a reason to investigate factors that contribute to obesity.
“The lack of effective, non-surgical therapies has led to investigation of potential factors contributing to the development of obesity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gut microbiota can ferment dietary carbohydrates and provide additional energy to the host as short-chain fatty acids.
“Gut microbiota can ferment dietary carbohydrates and provide additional energy to the host in the form of short chain fatty acids.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with recurrent CDI are desperate for a cure and may seek guidance from online communities.
“Patients suffering from recurrent CDI are desperate for a cure and may seek guidance from online communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many patients are willing to travel great distances to undergo FMT.
“Many are willing to travel great distances to undergo FMT.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some patients perform home enemas of donor stool when they cannot find a willing or able physician to perform FMT.
“Some have even resorted to performing home-enemas of donor stool when they are unable to find a physician who is willing or able to perform FMT.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lack of adequate reimbursement for physician time may deter FMT use.
“lack of adequate reimbursement for the time required by physicians may be a further deterrent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The regulatory landscape will continue to evolve as microbiota-based therapeutics emerge.
“It is clear that the regulatory landscape will continue to evolve as microbiota-based therapeutics emerge.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Whole-stool FMT as currently practiced will be replaced by commercially developed products.
“it is very likely that whole-stool FMT, as currently practiced, is a short-term bridge for the treatment of CDI that will be replaced by commercially developed products.”
The paper relies on this without support.
FMT has high therapeutic efficacy for recurrent CDI.
“The high therapeutic efficacy of FMT for recurrent CDI is an important proof of concept”
The paper relies on this without support.
Other dysbiosis-associated conditions are more complex than CDI.
“though these conditions are more complex and the outcomes after microbial manipulation are unlikely to be as dramatic and predictably effective as with CDI”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Unrelated FMT volunteer donors may be more beneficial in cases where genetics play a contributing factor in the disease, like IBD. 55”
From Fecal microbiota transplantation: Review and update (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
“lower gastrointestinal route (colonoscopy, enema) led to the achievement of higher eradication rates than upper delivery (gastroscopy, nasogastric or nasointestinal tube) (81–86% vs 84–93%, respectively)3”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Efficacy data in CDI
“(81–86% vs 84–93%, respectively)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > Pediatric Considerations
“In 2010, Russell et al. report the first pediatric patient treated with FMT via nasogastric tube.118”
§ Update on FMT 2015: Indications, Methodologies, Mechanisms and Outlook > References
“118. Russell GH Kaplan JL Youngster I Fecal transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in children with and without inflammatory bowel disease J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014 58 588 92 24792627”
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 571
Moayyedi, P. (2016) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0000000000000285 · Cited by 19
Intervention strategies for microbial therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy
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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity and Bariatric Surgery
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Ulcerative Colitis: An Evolving Therapy
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Gut microbiota and acute graft-versus-host disease
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WGO Guideline—Endoscope Disinfection Update
Speer, T., Alfa, M. J., Jones, D., Vickery, K., Griffiths, H., Sáenz, R., & LeMair, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001759 · Cited by 17
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kelly, C. R., Kahn, S., Kashyap, P., Laine, L., Rubin, D., Atreja, A., Moore, T., & Wu, G.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kelly, Colleen R.
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 223-237
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4755303
- OpenAlex
- W1756046628
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 10.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2015-11-01)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American College of Gastroenterology
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM103591)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K08DK100638, R21DK093839)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- fecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbiota, dysbiosis, Clostridium difficile infection, recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biological Therapy, Clostridium Infections, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Clostridioides difficile, Microbiota
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