CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 576Gut microbiota and healthClostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens researchGastrointestinal motility and disorders

Fecal microbiota transplantation: Review and update

Open access
Wang, Jiunn-Wei, Kuo, Chao-Hung, Kuo, Fu-Chen, Wang, Yao-Kuang, Hsu, Wen-Hung, Yu, Fang-Jung, Hu, Huang-Ming, Hsu, Ping-I. +2 more·2019·Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
DOI 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.08.011
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a method to directly change the recipient's gut microbiota to normalize the composition and gain a therapeutic benefit. The history of FMT has been traced back to the 4th century and has been highly regarded since 2013, when the United States Food and Drug Administration approved FMT for treating recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Since then, the range of FMT applications extended rapidly and broadly not only in gastrointestinal disorders, but also in extra-gastrointestinal diseases. Donor selection with questionnaire, interview, blood tests, and stool examinations should be strictly performed before FMT to reduce and prevent occurrence of any adverse events. Step-by-step cautious fecal and recipient preparation along with adequately choosing delivery methods based on individual clinical situations are key points of the FMT process. Although current evidence deems FMT as a generally safe therapeutic method with few adverse effects, the long-term outcomes of FMT have not been completely elucidated. Therefore, establishing periodicity and length of regular follow-up after FMT to monitor the clinical efficacy and long-term adverse events are other essential issues. In the future, we will look forward to personalized FMT for different patients and conditions according to varied hosts and diseases.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

FMT directly changes the recipient gut microbiota and is established for recurrent/refractory *Clostridium difficile* infection, with expanding investigation in gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal diseases. This review summarizes FMT history, indications, donor/recipient preparation, delivery, safety, regulation, and future directions, noting that long-term outcomes remain incompletely understood.

Key findings

  • FMT achieves cure rates up to approximately 90% in recurrent or refractory CDI, compared with 20–30% success for prolonged antimicrobial therapy; it is the only indication approved by the US FDA since 2013.
  • Frozen FMT has the same efficacy as fresh FMT for clinical improvement of recurrent or refractory CDI; infusion volumes less than 50 g were associated with up to a four-fold higher risk of failure compared with larger volumes.
  • In 80 immunocompromised CDI patients, a multicenter retrospective study found no FMT-related infection events and 78% cure after a single FMT; minor adverse events include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, constipation, and low-grade fever.
  • Beyond CDI, FMT is under investigation for IBD, IBS, metabolic syndrome/obesity, autoimmune and neurologic conditions, multidrug-resistant organism infections, critical illness, and melanoma immunotherapy; response rates in IBD are less impressive than in CDI.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review/update; no primary data collection or systematic review methodology is described.
  • Data: published literature, clinical trials, meta-analyses, case reports, and expert guidelines; includes tables on indications, donor inclusion/exclusion criteria, donor screening tests, and adverse events.
  • Analysis: narrative synthesis of FMT history, indications/contraindications, donor selection, fecal and recipient preparation, delivery methods, monitoring/safety, regulation, and future considerations.

Limitations

  • Stated: long-term outcomes of FMT have not been completely elucidated; periodicity and length of follow-up after FMT are not established; long-term immunologic effects have little available information.
  • Stated: optimal fecal preparation remains to be determined, no strong evidence supports an optimal FMT delivery method, and appropriate fecal infusion volume is difficult to define.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search strategy, risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative synthesis, so findings depend on heterogeneous published studies.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.08.011

Cites

75 of 75 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 55 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Several case reports have indicated a possible undetermined link between FMT and peripheral neuropathy, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjögren's syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.

    “Several case reports have indicated that there might be some undetermined link between FMT and certain conditions, including peripheral neuropathy, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Sjo ¨gren's syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.17”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Brandt, 2012, Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Am J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Frozen FMT has the same efficacy as fresh FMT in clinical improvement of recurrent or refractory CDI.

    “Currently, several randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis demonstrated that frozen FMT has the same efficacy as fresh FMT in clinical improvement of recurrent or refractory CDI.57e59”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 57e59

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Interpretationnone given

    Response rates of FMT for IBD have not been as impressive as FMT for CDI.

    “However, response rates have not been as impressive as FMT for the indication of CDI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    There is a non-significant difference in cure rate between upper and lower GI routes of FMT.

    “Youngster et al. conducted a randomized pilot study comparing upper and lower GI routes of FMT, and the report found a non-significant difference in cure rate between the two different administration methods.67”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Youngster, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study, Clin Infect Dis source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    FMT may play a useful primary therapeutic role in IBD.

    “Promising case reports and increasing clinical trials demonstrated that FMT may play a useful primary therapeutic role.27e30”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 27e30

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 17
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a multicenter, retrospective study of 80 immunocompromised patients with CDI, there were no infection events related to FMT and high cure rates of 78% following a single FMT.

    “A multicenter, retrospective study examined FMT in 80 immunocompromised patients of CDI.There were not only absent infection events related to FMT occurring, but also high cure rates of 78% following a single FMT.11”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kelly, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients, Am J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Larger volumes of fecal material have shown better FMT outcomes in CDI patients, and infusion volumes less than 50 g are associated with up to a four-fold higher risk for failure compared to larger volume.

    “Larger volumes of fecal material have shown better FMT outcomes in CDI patients, as demonstrated by a systemic review article, and up to a four-fold higher risk for failure was noted for infusion volumes less than 50 g compared to the larger volume.24”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Gough, 2011, Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Clin Infect Dis source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The European consensus proposed that the follow-up period after FMT in CDI patients should be at least 8 weeks, and follow-up must include clinical and analytical data.

    “The European consensus proposed that the follow-up period after FMT in CDI patients should be at least 8 weeks, and the contents of follow-up must include clinical and analytical data.49”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Cammarota, 2017, European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice, Gut source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The cure rate of FMT for recurrent or refractory CDI is approximately 90%, which is much superior to prolonged anti-microbial therapy with 20-30% success rates.

    “The cure rate is surprisingly up to approximately 90% in recurrent or refractory CDI, which is much superior to prolonged anti-microbial therapy with 20e30% success rates.19,24,25”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Gough, 2011, Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Clin Infect Dis source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Kassam, 2013, Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    FMT can be a cost-saving intervention in managing recurrent and refractory CDI compared to antibiotics use and in moderate-to-severe IBD treatment.

    “Furthermore, current studies demonstrated FMT can be a cost-saving intervention in managing recurrent and refractory compared to antibiotics use and in moderate-to-severe IBD treatment.32,33”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Zhang, 2017, Cost-effectiveness analysis of fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease, Oncotarget source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Varier, 2015, Cost-effectiveness analysis of fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most clinical trials and systemic reviews presented that minor adverse events, such as abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, constipation, and low-grade fever, were transiently noted after FMT, and uncommon severe side effects were often associated with possible complications of endoscopy and sedation.

    “Most clinical trials and systemic reviews presented that some minor adverse events, such as abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, constipation, and low-grade fever, were transiently noted after FMT, and uncommon severe side effects were often associated with the possible complications of endoscopy and sedation.17,19,66,70,71”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [17] Brandt, 2012, Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Am J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] van Nood, 2013, Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile, N Engl J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [66] Cammarota, 2014, Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review, J Clin Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Case reports and animal models have revealed probable therapeutic effects of FMT in patients with severe multiple sclerosis, autism, multidrug-resistant organisms infections, and multiple organ dysfunction in critical patients.

    “Several case reports and animal models have also revealed the probable therapeutic effects of FMT in patients with severe multiple sclerosis, 41 autism, 42 multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) infections, 43 and multiple organ dysfunction in critical patients.44”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [41] Xu, 2015, Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders, World J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Aroniadis, 2013, Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future, Curr Opin Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] Crum-Cianflone, 2015, Fecal microbiota transplantation and successful resolution of multidrug-resistant-organism colonization, J Clin Microbiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Retention enema is more efficient and safe than placebo in phase I and phase II recurrent CDI clinical trials.

    “Although the efficacy of retention enema had been once doubted, Orenstein and Dubberke et al. have proven it more efficient and safe than placebo in phase I and phase II recurrent CDI clinical trials.64,65”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [64] Orenstein, 2016, Safety and durability of RBX2660 (microbiota suspension) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: results of the PUNCH CD study, Clin Infect Dis source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [65] Dubberke, 2018, Results from a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of a RBX2660-a microbiota-based drug for the prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Clin Infect Dis source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Based on current evidence, FMT is viewed as a generally safe therapeutic method with few adverse effects.

    “Based on current evidence, FMT is viewed as a generally safe therapeutic method with few adverse effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the United Kingdom, FMT is approved for treating CDI, and it is considered safe and effective.

    “In the United Kingdom, FMT is also approved for treating CDI, and it is considered safe and effective.14”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Smith, 2014, Policy: how to regulate faecal transplants, Nature source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many different groups of diseases are connected to the gut microbiota, including infectious conditions, autoimmune diseases, some general conditions, and behavioral diseases.

    “Many different groups of diseases are connected to the gut microbiota, including infectious conditions (infectious gastroenteritis, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)), autoimmune diseases (allergic disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)), some general conditions (overweight, functional GI disorders), and behavioral diseases.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Collado, 2015, Gut microbiota: a source of novel tools to reduce the risk of human disease?, Pediatr Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The first records of FMT have been traced back to fourth century China, where human fecal material was called yellow soup and was used in patients of severe diarrhea.

    “The first records of FMT has been traced back to the fourth century China, where human fecal material was called yellow soup and was used in patients of severe diarrhea.15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Zhang, 2012, Should we standardize the 1,700-year-old fecal microbiota transplantation?, Am J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Borody et al. performed an exchange of bowel flora on a 45-year-old male with refractory ulcerative colitis, showing full and lasting clinical recovery after treatment.

    “Borody et al. performed “an exchange of bowel flora” on a 45year old male with refractory ulcerative colitis (UC), showing full and lasting clinical recovery after treatment.20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Borody, 1989, Bowel-flora alteration: a potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome?, Med J Aust source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Any FMT application beyond treating CDI is deemed 'off-label'.

    “From a clinical and research perspective, any FMT application beyond treating CDI is deemed “offlabel”; therefore, the benefits and risks of clinical practice must be carefully considered.52”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Vindigni, 2017, Fecal microbiota transplantation, Gastroenterol Clin N Am source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some studies suggested loperamide use one hour before FMT to ensure that the transplanted feces stay at least 4 h in the intestines.

    “Some studies suggested loperamide use one hour before FMT in order to ensure that the transplanted feces stay at least 4 h long in the intestines.61e63”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 61e63

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by numerous bacterial species that aid digestion, assist in nutritional provision, facilitate maturation of the colonic epithelium, and protect from pathogens.

    “The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is colonized by numerous bacterial species, which have the function of aiding digestion, assisting in nutritional provision, facilitating maturation of the colonic epithelium, and protection from pathogens.1e3”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 1e3

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The human gut microbiome differs by individual and is relatively stable and resilient over time; environmental factors, including diet, probiotics, prebiotics, viruses, and drugs, particularly antibiotics, can alter its composition.

    “Human gut microbiome differs by individual and is relatively stable and resilient over time; however, environmental factors, including diet, probiotics, prebiotics, viruses, and drugs, particularly antibiotics, can alter the composition.4e7”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 4e7

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multiple studies have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness of FMT in recurrent and refractory CDI, which may be attributed to sustained restoration of the normal microbiota after FMT.

    “Multiple studies have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness of FMT in cases of recurrent and refractory CDI, which may be attributed to sustained restoration of the normal microbiota after FMT.22,23”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] Khoruts, 2010, Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, J Clin Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Hamilton, 2012, Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Am J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Health Canada regards FMT as a 'New Biologic Drug' and declares that all clinical studies must pass the process of a clinical trial application to ensure it meets quality and safety standards.

    “Health Canada regards FMT as a “New Biologic Drug” and declares that all clinical studies must pass the process of a clinical trial application to ensure it meets quality and safety standards.75”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Allen-Vercoe, 2012, A Canadian Working Group report on fecal microbial therapy: microbial ecosystems therapeutics, Can J Gastroenterol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The long-term immunologic effects of FMT are another concern, but very little relevant information is available.

    “However, long-term immunologic effects of FMT is another concern, but very little relevant information is available.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The optimal preparation of fecal material to manage remains to be determined.

    “The optimal preparation of fecal material to manage remains to be determined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Eiseman and colleagues successfully treated patients with FMT for pseudomembranous colitis in 1958, the first report in the medical literature.

    “Eiseman and his colleagues successfully treated patients with FMT for pseudomembranous colitis in 1958, the first report in the medical literature.16”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Eiseman, 1958, Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis, Surgery

      Not checked in the free run.

22 of 22

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Current therapeutic strategies to correct gut dysbiosis mostly do not present satisfactory clinical effects, except for FMT.

    “Currently, a wide variety of medical therapeutic strategies are used to correct gut dysbiosis, but a great majority of them do not present satisfactory clinical effects, except for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    FMT has clinically evident effectiveness.

    “clinically evident effectiveness and safety of FMT”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    FMT has clinically evident safety.

    “clinically evident effectiveness and safety of FMT”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    FMT carries a risk of disease transmission between the donor and recipient.

    “risk of disease transmission between the donor and recipient”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Patient acceptance is a concern for FMT.

    “patients' acceptance”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    FMT can cause undesirable outcomes.

    “undesirable outcomes”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    FMT has uncertain impacts on the recipient's immune system.

    “uncertain impacts on the recipient's immune system”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little is known about the viral or fungal composition in the gut and the function of intestinal bacteria.

    “little is known about the viral or fungal composition in the gut and even the function of intestinal bacteria”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    FMT has the potential to transmit unrecognized infectious agents that cause illness years later (e.g., hepatitis C, HIV).

    “Transmission of unrecognized infectious agents that cause illness years later (e.g., hepatitis C, HIV)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    FMT has the potential to induce chronic diseases based on alterations in the gut microbiota (e.g., obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, IBD, colon cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, IBS, asthma, autism).

    “Induction of chronic diseases based on alterations in the gut microbiota (e.g., obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, IBD, colon cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, IBS, asthma, autism)”
10 of 10

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Several limitations of FMT for PD remain, including standard clinical protocols, delivery methods, periodicity, donor selection criteria, patient inclusion criteria, long-term benefits and potential risks.

    “Despite the therapeutic potential of FMT for the treatment of PD, several limitations still exist and need to be addressed. Standard clinical protocols, delivery methods, periodicity, donor’s selection criteria, patient’s inclusion criteria, long-term benefits and potential risks remain an issue [463,467,481,482,483,484,485].”

    From The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [485]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • FMT is expanded two different ways

    Minor

    The abbreviation list defines FMT as "fecal material transplantation," while the abstract defines it as "fecal microbiota transplantation."

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Wang, J.-W., Kuo, C.-H., Kuo, F.-C., Wang, Y.-K., Hsu, W.-H., Yu, F.-J., Hu, H.-M., Hsu, P.-I., Wang, J.-Y., & Wu, D.-C.
Affiliations
  • Kaohsiung Medical University (TW)
  • E-Da Hospital (TW)
  • Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital (TW)
  • Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
Corresponding author
Wu, Deng-Chyang
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-03
Volume
118
Pages
S23-S31
ISSN
0929-6646 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jfma.2018.08.011
OpenAlex
W2889311756
Cited by
576
References
75
Citations by year
2026: 57 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 11
FWCI
2.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of the Formosan Medical Association (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Taiwan (KMTTH-106-028)
  • Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (KMUH106-6R02)
  • Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan (MOHW106-TDU-B-212-113006)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords
fecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbiota, Clostridium difficile infection, donor selection, long-term follow-up, extraintestinal diseases, gastrointestinal diseases
MeSH terms
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Clostridium Infections, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Recurrence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Clostridioides difficile, Treatment Outcome, Practice Guidelines as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review