Ein Screeninginstrument für Missbrauch und Vernachlässigung in der Kindheit: der Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS)

Grabe, Hans; Schulz, Andrea; Schmidt, Carsten; Appel, Katja; Driessen, Martin; Wingenfeld, Katja; Barnow, Sven; Spitzer, Carsten; John, Ulrich; Berger, Klaus; Wersching, Heike; Freyberger, Harald

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1298984

Cited by 171Child Abuse and TraumaPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Welfare and Adoption

Ein Screeninginstrument für Missbrauch und Vernachlässigung in der Kindheit: der Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS)

Grabe, Hans, Schulz, Andrea, Schmidt, Carsten, Appel, Katja, Driessen, Martin, Wingenfeld, Katja, Barnow, Sven, Spitzer, Carsten +4 more·2012·Psychiatrische Praxis

DOI 10.1055/s-0031-1298984

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of a psychometrically sound screening questionnaire that assesses important dimensions of traumatic experiences during childhood and adolescence in a time-efficient way. Based on the German version of the "Childhood Trauma Questionnaire" (CTQ, 28 items) we developed a five-item self-report childhood trauma screener (CTS) that covers sexual, emotional and physical abuse and emotional and physical neglect. METHOD: The data set of the SHIP-LEGEND study (n = 1668) was used to extract five items of the CTQ that optimally covered the five dimensions and showed a high correlation with the total score. In two validation samples (clinical sample [n = 211] and subjects from the BiDirect study [n = 288]) the psychometric properties of the CTS were evaluated. RESULTS: The correlations between the five CTS Items and the corresponding dimensions from the CTQ were r = 0.55 to 0.87 (p < 0.0001) within the clinical sample. Furthermore, we found high correlations (r = 0.88; p < 0.0001) with the total CTQ score. The internal consistency was 0.757 (Cronbachs α). CONCLUSION: The CTS is a reliable, valid and economic screener for the retrospective assessment of adverse childhood experiences especially in large epidemiological studies.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1055/s-0031-1298984

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Childhood Trauma Screener has an internal consistency of α = 0.76.
“Its internal consistency is reported to be α = 0.76 (65).”
From Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of PSYCHOnlineTHERAPY: Study Protocol of a Multicenter Blended Outpatient Psychotherapy Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial for Patients With Depressive and Anxiety Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [65]

Sorted by citations

The LIFE-Adult-Study: objectives and design of a population-based cohort study with 10,000 deeply phenotyped adults in Germany
Loeffler, M., Engel, C., Ahnert, P., Alfermann, D., Arélin, K., Baber, R., Beutner, F., Binder, H., Brähler, E., Burkhardt, R., et al. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1983-z · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Accelerated biological aging and risk of depression and anxiety: Evidence from 424,299 UK Biobank participants
Gao, X., Geng, T., Jiang, M., Huang, N., Zheng, Y., Belsky, D. W., & Huang, T. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38013-7 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Genome-wide gene-environment analyses of major depressive disorder and reported lifetime traumatic experiences in UK Biobank
Coleman, J. R. I., Peyrot, W. J., Purves, K. L., Davis, K. A. S., Rayner, C., Choi, S. W., Hübel, C., Gaspar, H. A., Kan, C., der Auwera, S. V., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0546-6 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Childhood adversities and distress - The role of resilience in a representative sample
Beutel, M. E., Tibubos, A. N., Klein, E. M., Schmutzer, G., Reiner, I., Kocalevent, R., & Brähler, E. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173826 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Association of Unhealthy Lifestyle and Childhood Adversity With Acceleration of Aging Among UK Biobank Participants
Yang, G., Cao, X., Li, X., Zhang, J., Ma, C., Zhang, N., Lu, Q., Crimmins, E. M., Gill, T. M., Chen, X., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.30690 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
HDAC1 links early life stress to schizophrenia-like phenotypes
Bahari-Javan, S., Varbanov, H., Halder, R., Benito, E., Kaurani, L., Burkhardt, S., Anderson-Schmidt, H., Anghelescu, I., Budde, M., Stilling, R. M., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1613842114 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“were diagnosed using a comprehensive phenotyping inventory (details are provided in Materials/Subjects and Methods) also assessing ELS (36, 37).”
MethodSelf-citation
A longitudinal approach to biological psychiatric research: The PsyCourse study
Budde, M., Anderson‐Schmidt, H., Gade, K., Reich‐Erkelenz, D., Adorjan, K., Kalman, J. L., Senner, F., Papiol, S., Andlauer, T. F. M., Comes, A. L., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32639 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
Child maltreatment and cardiovascular disease: quantifying mediation pathways using UK Biobank
Ho, F. K. W., Celis-Morales, C. A., Gray, S. R., Petermann-Rocha, F. E., Lyall, D. M., Mackay, D., Sattar, N. A., Minnis, H., & Pell, J. P. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01603-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Establishing the bidirectional relationship between depression and subclinical arteriosclerosis – rationale, design, and characteristics of the BiDirect Study
Teismann, H., Wersching, H., Nagel, M., Arolt, V., Heindel, W. L., Baune, B. T., Wellmann, J., Hense, H., & Berger, K. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-174 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Personality functioning as a mediator of adult mental health following child maltreatment
Krakau, L., Tibubos, A. N., Beutel, M. E., Ehrenthal, J. C., Gieler, U., & Brähler, E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study—VIA 11: Study Protocol for the First Follow-Up of the VIA 7 Cohort −522 Children Born to Parents With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders or Bipolar Disorder and Controls Being Re-examined for the First Time at Age 11
Thorup, A. A. E., Hemager, N., Søndergaard, A., Gregersen, M., Prøsch, Å. K., Krantz, M. F., Brandt, J. M., Carmichael, L., Melau, M., Ellersgaard, D., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00661 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
(In)stability of Capability for Suicide in Psychiatric Inpatients: Longitudinal Assessment Using Ecological Momentary Assessments
Spangenberg, L., Glaesmer, H., Hallensleben, N., Rath, D., & Forkmann, T. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12547 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Child maltreatment and incident mental disorders in middle and older ages: a retrospective UK Biobank cohort study
Macpherson, J. M., Gray, S. R., Ip, P., McCallum, M., Hanlon, P., Welsh, P. I., Chan, K. L., Mair, F. S., Celis-Morales, C. A., Minnis, H., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100224 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Assessing childhood maltreatment on the population level in Germany: findings and methodological challenges
Glaesmer, H. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0104-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Optimizing exposure-based CBT for anxiety disorders via enhanced extinction: Design and methods of a multicentre randomized clinical trial
Heinig, I., Pittig, A., Richter, J., Hummel, K., Alt, I., Dickhöver, K., Gamer, J., Hollandt, M., Koelkebeck, K., Maenz, A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1560 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cohort profile: Greifswald approach to individualized medicine (GANI_MED)
Grabe, H. J., Assel, H., Bahls, T., Dörr, M., Endlich, K., Endlich, N., Erdmann, P., Ewert, R., Felix, S. B., Fiene, B., et al. (2014) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/1479-5876-12-144 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of childhood abuse for suicidality in the context of the interpersonal theory of suicide: An investigation in German psychiatric inpatients with depression
Schönfelder, A., Hallensleben, N., Spangenberg, L., Forkmann, T., Rath, D., & Glaesmer, H. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.063 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
How does childhood maltreatment influence cardiovascular disease? A sequential causal mediation analysis
Soares, A. G., Howe, L. D., Heron, J., Hammerton, G., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Magnus, M. C., Halligan, S. L., & Fraser, A. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab085 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Traumatic life experiences and post‐traumatic stress symptoms in middle‐aged and older adults with and without autistic traits
Stewart, G. R., Corbett, A., Ballard, C. G., Creese, B., Aarsland, D., Hampshire, A., Charlton, R. A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5669 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Validation and standardization of the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS) in the general population
Witt, A., Öz, Y., Sachser, C., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H., & Fegert, J. M. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00506-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of PSYCHOnlineTHERAPY: Study Protocol of a Multicenter Blended Outpatient Psychotherapy Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial for Patients With Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Baumeister, H., Bauereiss, N., Zarski, A.-C., Braun, L., Buntrock, C., Hoherz, C., Idrees, A. R., Kraft, R., Meyer, P., Nguyen, T. B. D., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660534 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Childhood trauma will be assessed with the Childhood Trauma Screener [CTS; five items, score range: 5–25; (65, 66)].”
Method
Loss and grief in elderly people: Results from the LIFE-Adult-Study
Treml, J., Linde, K., Engel, C., Glaesmer, H., Hinz, A., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Sander, C., & Kersting, A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1824203 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Association of childhood traumatization and neuropsychiatric outcomes with altered plasma micro RNA-levels
der Auwera, S. V., Ameling, S., Wittfeld, K., Rowold, E. D., Nauck, M. A., Völzke, H., Suhre, K., Najafi-Shoushtari, S. H., Methew, J., Ramachandran, V., et al. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0460-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
The associations among childhood trauma, loneliness, mental health symptoms, and indicators of social exclusion in adulthood: A UK Biobank study
Allen, S. F., Gilbody, S. M., Atkin, K. M., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2959 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The validated five-item Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS-5; Grabe et al., 2012) was used for the retrospective assessment of adverse experiences prior to age 18.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Childhood maltreatment influences adult brain structure through its effects on immune, metabolic, and psychosocial factors
Orellana, S. C., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Simpson-Kent, I. L., van Harmelen, A., Vértes, P. E., & Bullmore, E. T. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2304704121 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The assessment of childhood maltreatment and its associations with affective symptoms in adulthood: Results of the German National Cohort (NAKO)
Klinger-König, J., Streit, F., Erhardt, A., Kleineidam, L., Schmiedek, F., Schmidt, B., NAKO Investigators, Wagner, M., Deckert, J., Rietschel, M., et al. (2022) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.2011406 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Childhood trauma and somatic and mental illness in adulthood—findings of the NAKO health study
Klinger-König, J., Erhardt, A., Streit, F., et al. (2023) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0225 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
The relation between childhood adversity and adult obesity in a population-based study in women and men
Fleischer, T., Ulke, C., Beutel, M. E., Binder, H., Brähler, E., Johar, H., Atasoy, S., Kruse, J., Otten, D., Tibubos, A. N., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93242-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Clinical trial of modulatory effects of oxytocin treatment on higher-order social cognition in autism spectrum disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind and crossover trial
Preckel, K., Kanske, P., Singer, T., Paulus, F. M., & Krach, S. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1036-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Assessment Schedule [49], childhood trauma screener [50], clinical global impression scale (for patients only)”
Method
Effects of age on trait resilience in a population-based cohort and two patient cohorts
Linnemann, P., Wellmann, J., Berger, K., & Teismann, H. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110170 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
The association between socioeconomic status, psychopathological symptom burden in mothers, and early childhood caries of their children
Knoblauch, U., Ritschel, G., Weidner, K., Mogwitz, S., Hannig, C., Viergutz, G., & Lenk, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224509 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Adversities in childhood and young adulthood and incident cardiovascular diseases: a prospective cohort study
Zou, X., Zhao, J., Feng, A., Chan, K. H. K., Wu, W., Manson, J. E., Liu, S., & Li, J. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102458 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
VIA Family—a family-based early intervention versus treatment as usual for familial high-risk children: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial
Müller, A. D., Gjøde, I. C. T., Eigil, M. S., Busck, H., Bonne, M., Nordentoft, M., & Thorup, A. A. E. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3191-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of Early Life Stress on Bone Homeostasis in Mice and Humans
Wuertz‐Kozak, K., Roszkowski, M., Cambria, E., Block, A., Kuhn, G. A., Abele, T., Hitzl, W., Drießlein, D., Müller, R., Rapp, M. A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21186634 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Positive mental health as a moderator of the association between risk factors and suicide ideation/behavior in psychiatric inpatients
Siegmann, P., Willutzki, U., Fritsch, N., Nyhuis, P. W., Wolter, M., & Teismann, T. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.091 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The role of environmental stress and DNA methylation in the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder
Comes, A. L., Czamara, D., Adorjan, K., Anderson‐Schmidt, H., Andlauer, T. F. M., Budde, M., Gade, K., Heilbronner, M., Kalman, J. L., Papiol, S., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-019-0176-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and risk of endocrine diseases: an exploration of mediating pathways using sequential mediation analysis
Wen, S., Zhu, J., Han, X., Li, Y., Liu, H., Yang, H., Hou, C., Xu, S., Wang, J., Hu, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03271-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sex differences in experiences of multiple traumas and mental health problems in the UK Biobank cohort
Yapp, E., Booth, T., Davis, K. A. S., Coleman, J. R. I., Howard, L. M., Breen, G. D., Hatch, S. L., Hotopf, M. H., & Oram, S. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02092-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Associations between causal attributions and personal stigmatizing attitudes in untreated persons with current mental health problems
Stolzenburg, S., Freitag, S., Schmidt, S., & Schomerus, G. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.014 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mapping Research Domain Criteria using a transdiagnostic mini-RDoC assessment in mental disorders: a confirmatory factor analysis
Förstner, B. R., Tschorn, M., Schiller, N. R., Mascarell-Maricic, L., Roecher, E., Kalman, J. L., Stroth, S., Mayer, A. V., Schwarz, K., Kaiser, A., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01440-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Associations of Childhood Maltreatment and Genetic Risks With Incident Heart Failure in Later Life
Liang, Y. Y., Ai, S., Weng, F., Feng, H., Yang, L., He, Z., Xue, H., Zhou, M., Shu, X., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026536 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Socio-political context as determinant of childhood maltreatment: a population-based study among women and men in East and West Germany
Ulke, C., Fleischer, T., Muehlan, H., Altweck, L., Hahm, S., Glaesmer, H., Fegert, J. M., Zenger, M., Grabe, H. J., Schmidt, S., et al. (2021) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796021000585 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sex‐Specific Association Between Childhood Adversity and Accelerated Biological Aging
Yu, J., Pu, F., Yang, G., Hao, M., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Cao, X., Zhu, L., Wan, Y., Wang, X., et al. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202309346 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Predicting treatment response using machine learning: A registered report
Jankowsky, K., Krakau, L., Schroeders, U., Zwerenz, R., & Beutel, M. E. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12452 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The assessment of cognitive function in the German National Cohort (NAKO) – Associations of demographics and psychiatric symptoms with cognitive test performance
Kleineidam, L., Stark, M., Riedel-Heller, S., Pabst, A., Schmiedek, F., Streit, F., Rietschel, M., Klinger-König, J., Grabe, H., Erhardt, A., et al. (2022) · World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.2011408 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…9-item depression module (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al. 2001; Streit et al. 2022), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD7; Spitzer et al. 2006; Erhardt et al. 2022), and childhood trauma (childhood trauma screener (CTS); Grabe et al. 2012; Klinger-K € onig et al. 2022) were administered.”
MethodSelf-citation
Biobanking in everyday clinical practice in psychiatry—The Munich Mental Health Biobank
Kalman, J. L., Burkhardt, G., Adorjan, K., Barton, B. B., de Jonge, S., Eser-Valeri, D., Falter‐Wagner, C. M., Heilbronner, U., Jobst, A., Keeser, D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.934640 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
„Vom Leben geschlagen“ – Validierung der deutschen Version der Defeat Scale (DS-d)
Forkmann, T., Stenzel, J.-S., Rath, D., Glaesmer, H., & Teismann, T. (2017) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-0043-107027 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Psychopathologies and socioeconomic status as risk indicators for periodontitis: a survey-based investigation in German dental practices
Lenk, M., Noack, B., Weidner, K., & Lorenz, K. (2021) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-021-04263-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The value of ‘mega cohorts’ for psychiatric research
Berger, K., Rietschel, M., & Rujescu, D. (2022) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.2011405 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It also included a 15-item questionnaire on the ‘ Big-5 Personality ’ items (Gerlitz and Schupp 2005), the German version of the childhood trauma screener (Grabe et al. 2012) as well as question sets on the individual social network and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).”
Self-citation
Is the relationship between child abuse and suicide attempts mediated by nonsuicidal self‐injury and pain tolerance?
Schönfelder, A., Rath, D., Forkmann, T., Paashaus, L., Stengler, K., Teismann, T., Juckel, G., & Glaesmer, H. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2501 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Larger bilateral amygdalar volumes are associated with affective loss experiences
Acosta, H., Jansen, A., & Kircher, T. T. J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24835 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Associations Between Outcome Resilience and Sociodemographic Factors, Childhood Trauma, Personality Dimensions and Self-Rated Health in Middle-Aged Adults
Linnemann, P., Berger, K., & Teismann, H. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-022-10061-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neuromodulation through brain stimulation-assisted cognitive training in patients with post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment (Neuromod-COV): study protocol for a PROBE phase IIb trial
Thams, F., Antonenko, D., Fleischmann, R., Meinzer, M., Grittner, U., Schmidt, S. H., Brakemeier, E., Steinmetz, A., & Flöel, A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055038 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Phenotyping suicidal ideation and behavior: Comparing clinical characteristics and future suicide attempts between suicidal subtypes in two clinical samples
Spangenberg, L., Friedrich, M., Forkmann, T., Hallensleben, N., Schönfelder, A., Rath, D., Paashaus, L., Teismann, T., & Glaesmer, H. (2022) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1940 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS; Glaesmer et al., 2013; Grabe et al., 2012), a short version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 2003) was applied to assess experiences of maltreatment during childhood.”
Method
Disease severity across psychiatric disorders is linked to pro-inflammatory cytokines
Solomon, P., Budde, M., Kohshour, M. O., Adorjan, K., Heilbronner, M., Navarro‐Flores, A., Papiol, S., Reich‐Erkelenz, D., Schulte, E. C., Senner, F., et al. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.06.004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Child maltreatment and telomere length in middle and older age: retrospective cohort study of 141 748 UK Biobank participants
Zhou, Z., Lo, C. K. M., Chan, K. L., Chung, R. S. Y., Pell, J. P., Minnis, H., Shiels, P. G., Ip, P., & Ho, F. K. W. (2023) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2023.33 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and COVID-19 outcomes in the UK Biobank
Hanson, J. L., O’Connor, K., Adkins, D. J., & Kahhalé, I. (2023) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2023-221147 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and health in the UK Biobank: triangulation of outcome-wide and polygenic risk score analyses
Dice, A. L. E., Lawn, R., Ratanatharathorn, A., Roberts, A. L., Denckla, C., Kim, A. H., de la Rosa, P., Zhu, Y.-W., VanderWeele, T., & Koenen, K. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03360-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Mental and Physical Health of Older Adults With a Genetic Predisposition for Autism
Stewart, G. R., Corbett, A., Ballard, C. G., Creese, B., Aarsland, D., Hampshire, A., Charlton, R. A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2277 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lack of amygdala habituation to negative emotional faces in alcohol use disorder and the relation to adverse childhood experiences
Gerhardt, S., Berhe, O., Moessnang, C., Horning, M., Kiefer, F., Tost, H., & Vollstädt-Klein, S. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13251 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reducing problematic pornography use with imaginal retraining–A randomized controlled trial
Baumeister, A., Gehlenborg, J., Schuurmans, L., Moritz, S., & Briken, P. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00018 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The internal consistency is acceptable (Cronbach ’ s α 5 0.76; Grabe et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Comparison of depression and anxiety symptom networks in reporters and non-reporters of lifetime trauma in two samples of differing severity
Peel, A. J., Armour, C., Buckman, J. E. J., Coleman, J. R. I., Curzons, S. C. B., Davies, M. R., Hübel, C., Jones, I. R., Kalsi, G., McAtarsney‐Kovacs, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100201 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Associations Between Personality Functioning, Childhood Trauma and Non-adherence in Cardiovascular Disease: A Psychodynamically-Informed Cross-Sectional Study
Haller, K., Fritzsche, S., Kruse, I., O'Malley, G., Ehrenthal, J., & Stamm, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.913081 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Association between adverse childhood experiences and later-life allostatic load in UK Biobank female participants
Jakubowski, D. M., Peterson, C. E., Sun, J., Hoskins, K. F., Rauscher, G. H., & Argos, M. (2023) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057231184325 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Association of Childhood Adversity With Frailty and the Mediating Role of Unhealthy Lifestyle: A Lifespan Analysis
Yang, G., Cao, X., Yu, J., Li, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Ma, C., Zhang, N., Lu, Q., Wu, C., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.08.015 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
I-PREGNO – prevention of unhealthy weight gain and psychosocial stress in families during pregnancy and postpartum using an mHealth enhanced intervention: a study protocol of two cluster randomized controlled trials
Vogel, L., Färber, T., Hölzl, I., Deliens, T., Henning, C., Liel, C., Löchner, J., Lux, U., Opitz, A., Seiferth, C., et al. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05735-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Life course traumas and cardiovascular disease—the mediating role of accelerated aging
Cao, X., Zhang, J., Ma, C., Li, X., Kuo, C., Levine, M. E., Hu, G., Allore, H. G., Chen, X., Wu, X., et al. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14843 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Association of early life stress and cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls
Senner, F., Schneider-Axmann, T., Kaurani, L., Zimmermann, J., Wiltfang, J., von Hagen, M., Vogl, T., Spitzer, C., Senner, S., Schulte, E. C., et al. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2023.100280 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Shadows of the past – Hierarchical regression analyses on the role of childhood maltreatment experiences for postpartum depression
Vogel, L., Löchner, J., Opitz, A., Ehring, T. W., Lux, U., Liel, C., Henning, C., Seiferth, C., & Wittekind, C. E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.11.045 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dissociation and Pain-Catastrophizing: Absorptive Detachment as a Higher-Order Factor in Control of Pain-Related Fearful Anticipations Prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
Vogel, M., Krippl, M., Frenzel, L., Riediger, C., Frommer, J., Lohmann, C. H., & Illiger, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8050697 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and depression: mediating role of lifestyle factors, personality traits, adult traumas, and social connections among middle-aged and elderly participants
Wang, X., Cao, Z., Yin, S., Duan, T., Sun, T., & Xu, C. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04147-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Greifswald Post COVID Rehabilitation Study and Research (PoCoRe)–Study Design, Characteristics and Evaluation Tools
Steinmetz, A., Bahlmann, S., Bergelt, C., Bröker, B. M., Ewert, R., Felix, S. B., Flöel, A., Fleischmann, R., Hoffmann, W., Holtfreter, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020624 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of early life stress on bone homeostasis in mice and humansPreprint
Wuertz‐Kozak, K., Roszkowski, M., Cambria, E., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.214122 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Family‐based preventive intervention for children of parents with severe mental illness: A randomized clinical trial
Müller, A. D., Gjøde, I. C. T., Thams, N., Ingversen, S., Moszkowicz, M., Jepsen, J. R. M., Mikkelsen, L. J., Nielsen, S. S., Hemager, N., Nordentoft, M., et al. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12216 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…similar to our findings, a previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a preventive group cognitive behavioral intervention for youth (aged 13–18 years) with familial high ‐ risk for depression compared with usual care found an improvement for both groups over time, but no between ‐ group…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Childhood trauma and personality explain more variance in depression scores than sociodemographic and lifestyle factors – Results from the BiDirect Study
Schneider, G., Köhnke, C., Teismann, H., & Berger, K. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110513 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
El estudio Andalusian Bipolar Family (ABiF): protocolo y descripción de la muestra
Parra, J. G., Rivas, F., Strohmaier, J., Forstner, A. J., Streit, F., Auburger, G. W. J., Propping, P., Díaz, G. O., González, M. J., Flores, S. G., et al. (2017) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2017.03.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The interplay of family history of depression and early trauma: associations with lifetime and current depression in the German national cohort (NAKO)
Streit, F., Völker, M. P., Klinger-König, J., Zillich, L., Frank, J., Reinhard, I., Foo, J. C., Witt, S. H., Sirignano, L., Becher, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Epidemiology · doi:10.3389/fepid.2023.1099235 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Polygenic scores for empathy associate with posttraumatic stress severity in response to certain traumatic events
Wendt, F. R., Warrier, V., Pathak, G. A., Koenen, K. C., Stein, M. B., Krystal, J. H., Pietrzak, R. H., Gelernter, J. E., Goldfarb, E. V., Baron‐Cohen, S., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100439 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Religiosität: in ihrem Einfluss auf ängstliche und depressive Symptome sowie Körperbeschwerden und Traumata überschätzt? Eine repräsentative Querschnittstudie
Hampel, N. D., Schauenburg, H., Ehrenthal, J. C., Brähler, E., Baie, L., & Heuft, G. (2019) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2019.65.3.288 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Smartphone-based intervention for postpartum depressive symptoms (Smart-e-Moms): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Daehn, D., Meyer, C., Loew, V., Wabiszczewicz, J., Pohl, S., Böttche, M., Pawils, S., & Renneberg, B. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08304-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The association between recent stressful life events and brain structure: a UK Biobank longitudinal MRI study
See, C. R. Z., Tan, A. X., Valmaggia, L., & Kempton, M. J. (2025) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring the impact of child maltreatment on adult suicidal ideation and suicide attempts
Serebriakova, J., Forkmann, T., Teismann, T., Paashaus, L., Schreiber, D., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., & Glaesmer, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.019 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A cognitive behavioural mHealth intervention for families in the postpartum period to enhance weight management, mental well-being and resilience – a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (I‑PREGNO)
Henning, C., Wolstein, J. R., Boehlke, E., Fischer, U. C., Liel, C., Lux, U., Opitz, A., Seiferth, C., van Poppel, M. N. M., Vogel, L., et al. (2023) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.16446.1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
Freyberger, H. J., & Kuwert, P. (2013) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-013-0982-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association between different dimensions of childhood traumatization and plasma micro-RNA levels in a clinical psychiatric sample
der Auwera, S. V., Ameling, S., Nauck, M. A., Völzke, H., Völker, U., & Grabe, H. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik
Schellong, J., Schützwohl, M., Lorenz, P., & Trautmann, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58470-5_8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences in persons with excessive and destructive online behaviour
Marx, C. M., Müller, K. W., & Beutel, M. E. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2021-3-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Severity of Psychotic‐Like Experiences in Help‐Seeking German Adolescents: An Exploration of Psychosocial Predictors and Psychological Treatment Outcomes
Nguyen, P., Diaz, S. A., Friedrich, S., Krause, K., Schneider, S., & Rus‐Calafell, M. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70084 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Childhood trauma and adversity were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS), the German short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), consisting of five items (Grabe et al. 2012).”
The mediating role of personality traits in the association between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in young adulthood
Koschig, M., Conrad, I., Berger, K., Baune, B. T., Grabe, H. J., Gerstorf, D., Meinke‐Franze, C., Völzke, H., Mikolajczyk, R., Leitzmann, M. F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.027 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Negative affect provides a context for increased distrust in the daily lives of individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment.
Schmitz, S. E., Niedtfeld, I., Lane, S., Seitz, K. I., & Hepp, J. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22951 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Psychopathology: A Brief Review on the Potential Role of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis
Ferrara, P., Cammisa, I., Zona, M., Pacucci, I., Grimaldi, M. T., Scaltrito, F., Giardino, I., Verrotti, A., & Pettoello-Mantovani, M. (2025) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115733963316599240704061209 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impact of childhood maltreatment on adult mental health trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic
Mohn, J. J., Godara, M., Silveira, S., Matthaeus, H., Singer, T., & Heim, C. C. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.02.022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…et al., 2017), with a slightly lower prevalence for younger adults (Kasinger et al., 2024) according to recent studies that used the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein et al., 2003; Klinitzke et al., 2012) or its short version, the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS) (Grabe et al., 2012).”
The role of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism in acquired capability for suicide
Wannemueller, A., Forkmann, T., Glaesmer, H., Juckel, G., Paashaus, L., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Moser, D., Kumsta, R., & Teismann, T. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12660 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Geschlechts- und regionalspezifische Unterschiede von Kindesvernachlässigung und Gewalt vor der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. Ergebnisse aus GESA, einem Multi-Kohorten Konsortium
Fleischer, T., Ulke, C., Ladwig, K.-H., et al. (2022) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-1926-7428 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Impact of Childhood Trauma and Depressive Symptoms on Body Mass Index
Schulze, L. N., der Auwera, S. V., Janowitz, D., et al. (2019) · GLOBAL PSYCHIATRY ARCHIVES · doi:10.2478/gp-2019-0008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association of Innate and Acquired Aerobic Capacity With Resilience in Healthy Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of an 8-Week Web-Based Physical Exercise Intervention
Ochmann, D. T., Philippi, K. F. A., Zeier, P., Sandner, M., Hillen, B., Neuberger, E. W. I., de Azúa, I. R., Lieb, K., Wessa, M., Lutz, B., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/29712 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How does childhood maltreatment influence cardiovascular disease? A sequential causal mediation analysisPreprint
Soares, A. G., Howe, L. D., Heron, J., Hammerton, G., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Magnus, M. C., Halligan, S. L., & Fraser, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.20158642 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Intergenerational association of adverse childhood experiences and perinatal mental health in adult female offspring: evidence from the longitudinal grandmothers, mothers, and their Children's health study in China
Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Ding, W., Dai, J., Zhu, X., & Xu, X. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101579 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Long-term risk of irritable bowel syndrome associated with adverse childhood and adulthood experiences: a large-scale prospective cohort study
Zhou, Y., Liu, S., Xie, S., Zhang, Q., Zhang, S., Zhu, S., & Wu, S. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03833-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The age of onset and duration of childhood abuse: An extension of the childhood trauma screener
Klinger-König, J., Krause, E., Wittfeld, K., Friedrich, N., Völzke, H., & Grabe, H. J. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107354 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Grabe, H., Schulz, A., Schmidt, C., Appel, K., Driessen, M., Wingenfeld, K., Barnow, S., Spitzer, C., John, U., Berger, K., Wersching, H., & Freyberger, H.
Affiliations: Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld (DE)
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
Heidelberg University (DE)
Asklepios Fachklinikum Tiefenbrunn (DE)
University of Münster (DE)
ORCID: Grabe, Hans
Schmidt, Carsten
Driessen, Martin
Wingenfeld, Katja
Barnow, Sven
Spitzer, Carsten
John, Ulrich
Berger, Klaus
Venue: Psychiatrische Praxis
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Published: 2012-03-15
Volume: 39
Issue: 03
Pages: 109-115
ISSN: 0303-4259 (ISSN-L)
1439-0876
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298984
OpenAlex: W2418173038
Cited by: 170
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 1.81
Type: journal article
Language: de
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychiatrische Praxis (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
Keywords: childhood trauma, childhood abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, screening tool, psychometric validation, internal consistency, adverse childhood experiences, retrospective evaluation
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Female, Germany, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Life Change Events, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Gene-Environment Interaction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Ein Screeninginstrument für Missbrauch und Vernachlässigung in der Kindheit: der Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS)

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks