Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin: A Review of Basic and Clinical Advances
Abstract
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) is the primary cortisol binding protein. It is a non-inhibitory serine protease inhibitor, capable of conformational change from a high cortisol-binding affinity form to a low affinity form upon cleavage of its reactive centre loop by various proteases, such as neutrophil elastase. The burgeoning inflammatory role of CBG applies to acute, severe inflammation where depletion is associated with mortality, and to chronic inflammation where defects in cortisol delivery may perpetuate inflammation. Naturally occurring human mutations influence a wide range of CBG properties and point toward a role in hitherto unexplained chronic musculoskeletal pain and fatigue disorders as well as potentially affecting fertility outcomes including offspring gender. In vitro and knock-out animal models of CBG propose a role for CBG in cortisol transport to the brain, providing a foundation for understanding the human observations in those with CBG mutations and sex differences in stress-related mood and behaviour. Finally, CBG measurement has a practical role in the estimation of free cortisol, useful in clinical circumstances where CBG levels or cortisol binding affinity is reduced. Taken together, novel data suggest a role for cortisol in targeted cortisol delivery, with implications in acute and chronic inflammation, as well as roles in metabolism and neurocognitive function, implying that CBG is a multifaceted component in the mechanisms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis related homeostasis.
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CBG regulates corticosterone bioavailability during high secretion.
“This interaction regulates bioavailability during high CORT secretion”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Meyer, Nenke, Rankin, Lewis, & Torpy, 2016
The study did not examine whether changes in cortisol binding globulin levels or genetic differences in its cortisol affinity affect salivary cortisol and cortisone.
“This study does not evaluate whether variations in cortisol binding globulin (CBG) concentration or genetic variations affecting CBG-cortisol affinity may influence salivary cortisol and cortisone concentrations [50].”
From Salivary cortisol and cortisone in diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a comparison of six different analytical methods (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
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“However, we find this possibility unlikely, as numerous prior investigations have demonstrated CBG is the primary mediator of plasma free cortisol across a broad range of health and disease states (31), and our functional annotation enrichment analysis suggested alterations to cortisol-related pathways.”
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“In humans, several CBG mutations in the gene encoding CBG (SERPINA6) have been identified that affect the expression of CBG or its affinity for glucocorticoids, and some mutations knockout CBG entirely [25].”
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“About 78% of corticosterone in plasma is bound to CBG rendering it inactive [29].”
BackgroundImpaired SERPIN–Protease Balance in the Peripheral Lungs of Stable COPD Patients
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“The role of extrahepatic CBG is discussed in the literature (Sivukhina and Jirikowski, 2014; Meyer et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWilson, A. E., Michaud, S. A., Jackson, A., Stenhouse, G. B., McClelland, C. J. R., Coops, N. C., & Janz, D. M. (2021) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coab091 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…expression of CBG. CBG has been used as a biomarker of stress in several species, including brown bears (Chow et al., 2010; Wilson et al., 2020b), as it is the protein primarily responsible for binding and transporting cortisol, a key hormone in the mammalian stress response (Meyer et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPrognostic Value of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indicators in Non-Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcomas
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Plasma Steroids are Not Associated with Resting and Exercise Blood Pressure
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“The affinity of human CBG for progesterone is of a considerable strength [81] with dissociation constants reported in the range of 11.”
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Influence of age and seasonality on boar seminal plasma steroids quantification: A preliminary study
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MethodA Proteomic Analysis of Human Follicular Fluid: Proteomic Profile Associated with Embryo Quality
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“[40] Leveraging genetic variants as robust IVs and controlling for the influence of other hormones, our study offers novel insights, suggesting that MCE is a significant potential factor in promoting OP progression in the FN.”
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“…studies have shown elevated serum globulin levels and decreased albumin to globulin (A/G) ratio in patients with infection and advanced malignancy, suggesting their important role in the immune and inflammatory system (Hill et al. 2016; Lv et al. 2018; Meyer et al. 2016; Yoshino et al. 2019).”
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- Authors
- Meyer, E., Nenke, M., Rankin, W., Lewis, J., & Torpy, D.
- Affiliations
- Royal Adelaide Hospital (AU)
- South Australia Pathology (AU)
- Canterbury Health Laboratories (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Meyer, E.
- Venue
- Hormone and Metabolic Research
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2016-05-23
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 06
- Pages
- 359-371
- ISSN
- 0018-5043 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-4286
- OpenAlex
- W2408046298
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 9.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormone and Metabolic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis
- Keywords
- corticosteroid-binding globulin, cortisol binding, serine protease inhibitors, reactive center loop, neutrophil elastase, chronic inflammation, acute inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic musculoskeletal pain, fertility, sex differences in stress, neurocognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Models, Biological, Mutation, Transcortin, Drug Delivery Systems
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