Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogues
Abstract
RESEARCH into the neuroendocrine control of reproduction by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has witnessed a remarkable two decades. From the isolation and chemical characterization of GnRH in 1971 through the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Drs. Serially and Guillemin for these accomplishments shortly thereafter, the translation from basic discovery to clinical usefulness has been swift. Food and Drug Administration approvals of GnRH-agonist analogues for the treatment of prostate cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty, as well as the use of natural GnRH to induce ovulation, are examples of the clinical usefulness of these fundamental observations. Numerous clinical therapies designed to stimulate . . .
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GnRH agonists desensitize GnRH receptors, suppress FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary, lower gonadal release of estrogens and androgens, and delay development of secondary sexual characteristics.
“GnRHas modulate this pathway, leading to desensitization of GnRH receptors. As a result, the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland is suppressed, gonadal release of estrogens and androgens is lowered, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics is delayed (6).”
From Puberty Blocker, Leuprolide, Reduces Sex Differences in Rough-and-Tumble Play and Anxiety-like Behavior in Juvenile Rats (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Variations in the ratio of androgens and estrogens result in sexual differentiation of the brain, physiology, and behavior.
“Variations in the ratio of androgens and estrogens result in sexual differentiation of the brain, physiology, and behavior (5, 6).”
From Puberty Blocker, Leuprolide, Reduces Sex Differences in Rough-and-Tumble Play and Anxiety-like Behavior in Juvenile Rats (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Cites
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SANTORO, N., WIERMAN, M. E., FILICORI, M., WALDSTREICHER, J., & CROWLEY, W. F. (1986) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-62-1-109 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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Motivations and Methods for Analyzing Pulsatile Hormone Secretion
Veldhuis, J. D., Keenan, D. M., & Pincus, S. M. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0005 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Raga, F., Casañ, E. M., Kruessel, J. S., Wen, Y., Huang, H.-Y., Nezhat, C., & Polan, M. L. (1998) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod59.3.661 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Murine Preimplantation Embryonic Development*
Raga, F., Casañ, E. M., Kruessel, J., Wen, Y., Bonilla-Musoles, F., & Polan, M. L. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.8.6899 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ng, J., Chwalisz, K., Carter, D. C., & Klein, C. E. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-3845 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
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Hypothalamic Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Function
Ben-Shlomo, A., & Melmed, S. (2017) · The Pituitary · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804169-7.00002-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oliveira, G. D. F., Nguyen, A. T., Carreras-Simons, L., Niepsuj, T., Gadelhak, S. H., Johnson, A. K., Abdalla, A., Lev, E., Torres Román, S. G., Fuchs, S. N., et al. (2024) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqae046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Desforges, J. F., Conn, P. M., & Crowley, W. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1991-01-10
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 93-103
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2467748439
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 11.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd015080-10, 5r01hd024697-07)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD15080, HD19899, R01HD015788, U54HD029164, HD-24697, U54HD028138)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH analogues, GnRH agonist, GnRH antagonist, neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction, prostate cancer treatment, endometriosis treatment, precocious puberty, ovulation induction, reproductive endocrinology
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
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