The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Therapeutic Uses of Botulinum Toxin
Abstract
BOTULISM had been recognized by the 18th century, but the observation that a toxin produced by an anaerobic organism might be responsible for food poisoning was not made until 1897.1 Although seven immunologically distinct toxins have since been identified, only types A, B, and E have been linked to cases of botulism in humans.2 , 3 Botulinum toxin type A (hereafter referred to as botulinum toxin), one of the most lethal biologic toxins, has been found to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of a variety of neurologic and ophthalmologic disorders.4 The Food and Drug Administration recently approved botulinum toxin (Oculinum) . . .
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Essential tremor: Clinical correlates in 350 patients
Lou, J.-S., & Jankovic, J. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.2_part_1.234 · Cited by 375
Self-citation
Cited by
Hao (2015) · doi:10.1002/14651858 · Cited by 11,321
Protein Therapeutics: A Summary and Pharmacological Classification
Leader, B., Baca, Q. J., & Golan, D. E. (2008) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2399 · Cited by 2,161
Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment
Robertson, M. M. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.3.425 · Cited by 704
Jankovic, J., Schwartz, K., Clemence, W., Aswad, A., & Mordaunt, J. (1996) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870110306 · Cited by 235
Self-citationGuarda-Nardini, L., Stecco, A., Stecco, C., Masiero, S., & Manfredini, D. (2012) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1179/crn.2012.014 · Cited by 159
Metadata
- Authors
- Oates, J. A., Wood, A. J. J., Jankovic, J., & Brin, M. F.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1991-04-25
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1186-1194
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2050344640
- Cited by
- 801
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 22.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Therapeutic Uses of Botulinum Toxin. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1056/nejm199104253241707
- The paper
- Oates, J. A., Wood, A. J. J., Jankovic, J., & Brin, M. F. (1991). Therapeutic Uses of Botulinum Toxin. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199104253241707
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
