Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment
Open accessAbstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by multiple motor tics plus one or more vocal (phonic) tics, which characteristically wax and wane. It can no longer be considered the rare and bizarre syndrome that it was once thought to be. The concepts surrounding TS, and our understanding of it, are also becoming increasingly complex and, in some individuals, TS is now recognized to be associated with a wide variety of associated behaviours and psychopathologies. It is suggested that TS is heterogeneous from a variety of standpoints including clinical presentation and psychopathology, and thus neuropharmacological responses and possibly even aetiological and genetic mechanisms. In this paper, mention is made of recent findings in epidemiology and genetics, highlighting the complexities of the disorder; these have been chosen because findings in both areas have clinical and management implications. The literature on the clinical manifestations, associated behaviours, psychopathology (and/or comorbid conditions) and management, in particular, is reviewed in detail.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Disorders of agency and presence often (but not always) co-occur.
“First, disorders of agency and presence often (but not always) co-occur”
From An Interoceptive Predictive Coding Model of Conscious Presence (2012) · cites this paper as Robertson, 2000
Cites
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note
Goodman, R. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x · Cited by 14,908 · see citing works
Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data
Berkson, J. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002000 · Cited by 1,810 · cited 3× · see citing works
“3), which was followed reflective of referral bias (Berkson, 1946).”
BackgroundInfluentialMannuzza, S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007 · Cited by 1,368 · see citing works
WEISS, G., HECHTMAN, L., MILROY, T., & PERLMAN, T. (1985) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60450-7 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Clomipramine Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: I. A Controlled Clinical Trial
Thorén, P. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780240079009 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.1.110 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
CHAPPELL, P. B., RIDDLE, M. A., SCAHILL, L., LYNCH, K. A., SCHULTZ, R., ARNSTEN, A., LECKMAN, J. F., & COHEN, D. J. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00010 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The genetics of Tourette syndrome: A review
O'Rourke, J. A., Scharf, J. M., Yu, D., & Pauls, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.06.006 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Dopaminergic dysfunction in tourette syndrome
Singer, H. S., Butler, I. J., Tune, L. E., Seifert, W. E., & Coyle, J. T. (1982) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410120408 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs: Is there a common vulnerability?
Borcherding, B. G., Keysor, C. S., Rapoport, J. L., Elia, J., & Amass, J. (1990) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(90)90151-t · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Interoceptive Predictive Coding Model of Conscious Presence
Seth, A. K., Suzuki, K., & Critchley, H. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00395 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
“First, disorders of agency and presence often (but not always) co-occur (Robertson, 2000; Sumner and Husain, 2008; Ruhrmann et al., 2010; Sierra and David, 2011; see Summary).”
Backgroundthe ESSTS Guidelines Group, Roessner, V., Plessen, K. J., Rothenberger, A., Ludolph, A. G., Rizzo, R., Skov, L., Strand, G., Stern, J. S., Termine, C., et al. (2011) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0163-7 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Caudate volumes in childhood predict symptom severity in adults with Tourette syndrome
Bloch, M. H., Leckman, J. F., Zhu, H., & Peterson, B. S. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000180957.98702.69 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder
Aouizerate, B., Guehl, D., Cuny, E., Rougier, A., Bioulac, B., Tignol, J., & Burbaud, P. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.02.004 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
The behavioral spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Cavanna, A. E., Servo, S., Monaco, F., & Robertson, M. M. (2009) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.2009.21.1.13 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citationMuller-Vahl, K. R., Schneider, U., Prevedel, H., Theloe, K., Kolbe, H., Daldrup, T., & Emrich, H. M. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n0417 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Robertson, M. M. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.019 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive function in Tourette’s syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorder
WATKINS, L. H., SAHAKIAN, B. J., ROBERTSON, M. M., VEALE, D. M., ROGERS, R. D., PICKARD, K. M., AITKEN, M. R. F., & ROBBINS, T. W. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003691 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive function, memory, and learning in Tourette's syndrome.
Channon, S., Pratt, P., & Robertson, M. M. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.2.247 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citation<scp>TikTok</scp> Tics: A Pandemic Within a Pandemic
Olvera, C., Stebbins, G. T., Goetz, C. G., & Kompoliti, K. (2021) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13316 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Increased ventral striatal monoaminergic innervation in Tourette syndrome
Albin, R. L., Koeppe, R. A., Bohnen, N. I., Nichols, T. E., Meyer, P., Wernette, K., Minoshima, S., Kilbourn, M. R., & Frey, K. A. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000076181.39162.fc · Cited by 150 · see citing works
M. Robertson*, M. (2006) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0505-z · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ganos, C., & Martino, D. (2015) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.008 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Executive functions in children with chronic tic disorders with/without ADHD: new insights
Roessner, V., Becker, A., Banaschewski, T., & Rothenberger, A. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-1005-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tourette Syndrome and comorbid ADHD: Current pharmacological treatment options
Rizzo, R., Gulisano, M., Calì, P. V., & Curatolo, P. (2013) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.01.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The role of the autonomic nervous system in Tourette Syndrome
Hawksley, J., Cavanna, A. E., & Nagai, Y. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00117 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome (Misophonia) in a Patient with Tourette Syndrome
Neal, M., & Cavanna, A. E. (2013) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11100235 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Herzberg, I., Valencia-Duarte, A. V., Kay, V. A., White, D. J., Müller, H., Rivas, I. C., Mesa, S. C., Cuartas, M., García, J., Bedoya, G., et al. (2010) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833a215a · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Heym, N., Kantini, E., Checkley, H. L. R., & Cassaday, H. J. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Robertson, M. M.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Robertson, M. M.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-03-01
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 425-462
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2109789351
- Cited by
- 704
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, tics, comorbidities, psychopathology, genetic mechanisms, treatment complexity, clinical heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Antipsychotic Agents, Dopamine Antagonists
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
