The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Physical activity is recommended by physicians to patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), because it increases sensitivity to insulin. Whether physical activity is effective in preventing this disease is not known. METHODS: We used questionnaires to examine patterns of physical activity and other personal characteristics in relation to the subsequent development of NIDDM in 5990 male alumni of the University of Pennsylvania. The disease developed in a total of 202 men during 98,524 man-years of follow-up from 1962 to 1976. RESULTS: Leisure-time physical activity, expressed in kilocalories expended per week in walking, stair climbing, and sports, was inversely related to the development of NIDDM: The incidence rates declined as energy expenditure increased from less than 500 kcal to 3500 kcal. For each 500-kcal increment in energy expenditure, the age-adjusted risk of NIDDM was reduced by 6 percent (relative risk, 0.94; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 0.98). This association remained the same when the data were adjusted for obesity, hypertension, and a parental history of diabetes. The association was weaker when we considered weight gain between the time of college attendance and 1962 (relative risk, 0.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.00). The protective effect of physical activity was strongest in persons at highest risk for NIDDM, defined as those with a high body-mass index, a history of hypertension, or a parental history of diabetes. These factors, in addition to weight gain since college, were also independent predictors of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Increased physical activity is effective in preventing NIDDM, and the protective benefit is especially pronounced in persons at the highest risk for the disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prospective cohort and cross-sectional observational studies that assessed PA with questionnaires showed that higher PA levels are associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, regardless of method of activity assessment, ranges of activity categories, and statistical methods”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [108]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Physical activity can delay the onset of T2DM or potentially prevent it through improvements in glycemic control (11, 12).”
From The effectiveness of digital health intervention on glycemic control and physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“in men with a BMI of 25 or more, a history of hypertension, a positive parental history of diabetes, or any combination of these factors, the incidence of T2D declined by 41% from the lowest to the highest levels of energy expenditure (234)”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [234]
In the citing paper
“There are prospective cohort studies that have shown that increased physical activity, independent of other risk factors, has a protective effect against the development of T2DM (Helmrich 1991;Manson 1992).”
From Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (2017) · cites this paper as Helmrich 1991
In the citing paper
“Interventional as well as observational studies have shown a reduction in the incidence of T2DM with reduced calorie intake and increased physical activity in people at risk of T2DM (Da Qing 1997;DPP 2002;Helmrich 1991;Smith 2016).”
From Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (2017) · cites this paper as Helmrich 1991
In the citing paper
“These epidemiological prospective studies demonstrated that various levels of regular physical activity once to several times a week were associated with a decreased incidence of the disease at long-term follow-up (14 years and five years respectively) (Helmrich 1991;Manson 1992).”
From Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (2017) · cites this paper as Helmrich 1991
In the citing paper
“Regular physical activity is associated with lower morbidity and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease [1-4], diabetes mellitus [5], cancer [6], and osteoporosis [7].”
From Internet-based physical activity interventions: a systematic review of the literature. (2007) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Chi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom; Extensions of the Mantel- Haenszel Procedure
Mantel, N. (1963) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1963.10500879 · Cited by 2,899
Physical Activity, All-Cause Mortality, and Longevity of College Alumni
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R., Wing, A. L., & Hsieh, C.-C. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198603063141003 · Cited by 2,742
Self-citationChi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom; Extensions of the Mantel- Haenszel Procedure
Mantel, N. (1963) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2282717 · Cited by 1,144
PASSMORE, R., & Durnin, J. V. G. A. (1955) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1955.35.4.801 · Cited by 714
Enhanced Peripheral and Splanchnic Insulin Sensitivity in NIDDM Men After Single Bout of Exercise
Devlin, J. T., Hirshman, M., Horton, E. D., & Horton, E. S. (1987) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.36.4.434 · Cited by 342
Relationships between exercise or physical activity and other health behaviors.
Blair, S. N., Jacobs, D. R., & Powell, K. E. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 296
The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity
Björntorp, P. A., de Jounge, K., Sjöström, L., & Sullivan, L. (1970) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(70)90020-x · Cited by 281
New concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A., Ferrannini, E., & Koivisto, V. A. (1983) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90654-x · Cited by 263
Effects of Prior High-Intensity Exercise on Glucose Metabolism in Normal and Insulin-resistant Men
Devlin, J. T., & Horton, E. S. (1985) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.34.10.973 · Cited by 215
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- West KM. Epidemiology of diabetes and its vascular complications. New York: Elsevier, 1978.
- Ainsworth, Med Sci Sports Exerc
- Blair, 1985, Public Health Rep, 100, 172
- Krotkiewski, 1983, Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl, 9, 55
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,000
Exercise counselling by family physicians in Canada
Kennedy, M. F., & Meeuwisse, W. H. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00118-x · Cited by 79
Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in healthy and insulin-resistant skeletal muscle
Deshmukh, A. S. (2015) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2015-0041 · Cited by 84
The Association Between Shift Work and Unhealthy Weight
Zhao, I., Bogossian, F. E., Song, S., & Turner, C. T. (2011) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e318205e1e8 · Cited by 80
Matheson, G. O., Klügl, M., Dvořák, J., Engebretsen, L., Meeuwisse, W. H., Schwellnus, M. P., Blair, S. N., van Mechelen, W., Derman, W. E., Börjesson, M., et al. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090328 · Cited by 92
Exercise in behavioral medicine.
Dubbert, P. M. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.4.613 · Cited by 79
Ferro-Luzzi, A., & Roaro, L. M. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470514962.ch13 · Cited by 77
Lowensteyn, I., Coupal, L., Zowall, H., & Grover, S. A. (2000) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200005000-00002 · Cited by 78
Schmitz, K. H., Ahmed, R. L., & Yee, D. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 78
Rao, M., Zeng, Z., & Tang, L. (2018) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-018-0328-z · Cited by 74
Tapp, R. J., Dunstan, D. W., Phillips, P., Tonkin, A. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. E. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.03.012 · Cited by 78
Smith, I., Franks, P. J., Greenhalgh, R. M., Poulter, N. R., & Powell, J. T. (1996) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s1078-5884(96)80170-5 · Cited by 78
Holme, I., Tonstad, S., Søgaard, A. J., Larsen, P. G. L., & Håheim, L. L. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-154 · Cited by 72
Epidemiological studies of exercise in diabetes prevention
Hu, G., Lakka, T. A., Kilpeläinen, T. O., & Tuomilehto, J. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h07-030 · Cited by 77
Langleite, T. M., Jensen, J., Norheim, F., Gulseth, H. L., Tangen, D. S., Kolnes, K. J., Heck, A., Storås, T., Grøthe, G., Dahl, M. A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2016.1202985 · Cited by 76
Sohrabi, M., Binaeizadeh, M. R., Iraji, A., Larijani, B. A., Saeedi, M., & Mahdavi, M. R. (2022) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d2ra00067a · Cited by 75
Lakka, T. A., Rankinen, T., Weisnagel, S. J., Chagnon, Y. C., Lakka, H.-M., Ukkola, O. H., Boulé, N. G., Rice, T., Leon, A. S., Skinner, J. S., et al. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1603 · Cited by 77
Diretriz de Reabilitação Cardíaca
(2005) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2005000500015 · Cited by 90
Halle, M., Berg, A., Garwers, U., Baumstark, M. W., Knisel, W., Grathwohl, D., König, D., & Keul, J. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90064-1 · Cited by 75
Lee-Ødegård, S., Norheim, F., Gulseth, H. L., Langleite, T. M., Aker, A., Gundersen, T. E., Holen, T., Birkeland, K. I., & Drevon, C. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24976-x · Cited by 76
Physical activity and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai women's health study
Villegas, R., Shu, X.-O., Li, H., Yang, G., Matthews, C. E., Leitzmann, M., Li, Q., Cai, H., Gao, Y.-T., & Zheng, W. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl209 · Cited by 72
Galle, S. A., Deijen, J. B., Milders, M. V., Greef, M. H. G. D., Scherder, E., van Duijn, C. M., & Drent, M. L. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-01123-3 · Cited by 94
Leisure-Time Physical Activity is Associated with a Reduced Risk for Metabolic Syndrome
Cho, E. R., Shin, A., Kim, J., Jee, S. H., & Sung, J. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.06.010 · Cited by 71
The role of motor activity in diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice
Brownlow, B. S., Petro, A. E., Feinglos, M. N., & Surwit, R. S. (1996) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02210-4 · Cited by 72
The impact of income on the incidence of diabetes: A population-based study
Lysy, Z., Booth, G. L., Shah, B. R., Austin, P. C., Luo, J., & Lipscombe, L. L. (2013) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.12.005 · Cited by 73
Past and present physical activity and endometrial cancer risk
Sturgeon, S. R., Brinton, L., Berman, M. L., Mortel, R., Twiggs, L. B., Barrett, R. J., & Wilbanks, G. D. (1993) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1993.390 · Cited by 72
Correlates of Changes in Leisure Time Physical Activity over 2 Years: The Healthy Worker Project
Schmitz, K., French, S. A., & Jeffery, R. W. (1997) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1997.0178 · Cited by 71
Rigla, M., Sánchez‐Quesada, J. L., Ordóñez‐Llanos, J., Prat, T., Caixàs, A., Jorba, O. J., Serra, J. R., de Leiva, A., & Pérez, A. (2000) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(00)80041-4 · Cited by 71
Physical activity and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: an Italian case-control study
Tavani, A., Braga, C., Vecchia, C. L., Conti, E., Filiberti, R., Montella, M., Amadori, D., Russo, A. G., & Franceschi, S. (1999) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690304 · Cited by 71
Kriska, A. M., Rockette-Wagner, B., Edelstein, S. L., Bray, G. A., Delahanty, L. M., Hoskin, M. A., Horton, E. S., Venditti, E. M., Knowler, W. C., DPP Research Group, et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1129 · Cited by 70
The Utility of Physical Activity in the Management of Global Cardiometabolic Risk
Janiszewski, P. M., & Ross, R. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.382 · Cited by 73
Tomás, M., Elosúa, R., Sentí, M., Molina, L., Vila, J., Anglada, R., Fitó, M., Covas, M. I., & Marrugat, J. (2002) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30113-9 · Cited by 67
Chronic exercise is associated with enhanced cutaneous blood flow in Type 2 diabetes
Colberg, S. R., Stansberry, K. B., McNitt, P. M., & Vinik, A. I. (2002) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s1056-8727(01)00222-7 · Cited by 71
Selected physical activities and the risk of endometrial cancer
Levi, F., Vecchia, C. L., Negri, E., & Franceschi, S. (1993) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1993.155 · Cited by 68
Insulin resistance and associated metabolic abnormalities in muscle: effects of exercise
Pérez‐Martin, A., de Mauverger, É. R., & Mercier, J. G. (2001) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00024.x · Cited by 70
Oggioni, C., Lara, J., Wells, J. C. K., Soroka, K., & Siervo, M. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.05.005 · Cited by 68
Exercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Mahady, S. E., & George, J. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.032 · Cited by 73
Primary Prevention of Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Manson, J. E., & Spelsberg, A. (1994) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30615-9 · Cited by 69
Hu, G., Jousilahti, P., Peltonen, M., Bidel, S., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803341 · Cited by 68
Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Dolan, L. M. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0507-5_3 · Cited by 69
Lakoski, S. G., Savage, P. D., Berkman, A. M., Penalosa, L., Crocker, A. M., Ades, P. A., Kahn, S. R., & Cushman, M. (2015) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.12989 · Cited by 71
Postcranial evidence of cold adaptation in European Neandertals
Holliday, T. W. (1997) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199710)104:2 · Cited by 279
Physical activity: the evidence of benefit in the prevention of coronary heart disease.
Press, V., Freestone, I., & George, C. (2003) · QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg041 · Cited by 85
Dietary fibre consumption and insulin resistance – the role of body fat and physical activity
Breneman, C. B., & Tucker, L. A. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512004953 · Cited by 67
Physical Activity and Incident Diabetes in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study
Fretts, A. M., Howard, B. V., Kriska, A. M., Smith, N., Lumley, T., Lee, E. T., Russell, M., & Siscovick, D. S. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp181 · Cited by 65
Sakurai, T., Ogasawara, J., Shirato, K., Izawa, T., Oh‐ishi, S., Ishibashi, Y., Radak, Z. O., Ohno, H., & Kizaki, T. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/9410954 · Cited by 69
Huang, H., Li, X., Liu, S., Hu, S., & Sun, Y. (2018) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2018.2817841 · Cited by 68
Dyson, P. A., Hammersley, M. S., Morris, R. J., Holman, R. R., & Turner, R. C. (1997) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90318-8 · Cited by 66
Bell, A., Swinburn, B., Amosa, H., & Scragg, R. K. R. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801619 · Cited by 64
Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Shaw, J. E., Zimmet, P., & Owen, N. G. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0313 · Cited by 65
Physical activity and risk of colon cancer: the Physicians‘ Health Study (United States)
Lee, I.-M. M., Manson, J. E., Ajani, U. A., Paffenbarger, R. S., Hennekens, C. H., & Buring, J. E. (1997) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1018438228410 · Cited by 63
Self-citationPhysical Activity and Health: Dose-Response Issues
PATE, R. R. (1995) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1995.10607917 · Cited by 68
Risk Factors for Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Requiring Treatment in the Elderly
Gurwitz, J. H., Field, T. S., Glynn, R. J., Manson, J. E., Avorn, J., Taylor, J. O., & Hennekens, C. H. (1994) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06503.x · Cited by 64
Type 2 diabetes burden among migrants in Europe: unravelling the causal pathways
Agyemang, C. O., van der Linden, E. L., & Bennet, L. (2021) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05586-1 · Cited by 69
Walking to Work Is an Independent Predictor of Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Men
Satō, K., Hayashi, T., Kambe, H., Nakamura, Y., Harita, N., Endo, G., & Yoneda, T. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0090 · Cited by 64
The Determinants of Participation in Physical Activity in Malaysia
Cheah, Y. K., & Poh, B. K. (2014) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.phrp.2013.12.002 · Cited by 64
Roeykens, J., Rogers, R. K. L., MEEUSEN, R. R., Magnus, L., Borms, J., & Meirleir, K. D. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199807000-00008 · Cited by 67
Benefits of exercise training in diabetic rats persist after three weeks of detraining
Mostarda, C. T., Rogow, A., Silva, I. C. M., Fuente, R. N. D. L., Jorge, L., Rodrigues, B., Heeren, M. V., Caldini, E. T. E. G., Angelis, K. D., & Irigoyen, M. C. (2008) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2008.10.010 · Cited by 63
Determining the Importance of Meeting Muscle-Strengthening Activity Guidelines
Dankel, S. J., Loenneke, J. P., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2015) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.10.017 · Cited by 65
Improvement of obesity-linked skeletal muscle insulin resistance by strength and endurance training
Meo, S. D., Iossa, S., & Venditti, P. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-17-0186 · Cited by 69
Whitt, M. C., DuBose, K. D., Ainsworth, B. E., & Tudor-Locke, C. E. (2004) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198104266034 · Cited by 63
Cost-Effectiveness of the Primary Prevention of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Segal, L., Dalton, A. C., & Richardson, J. R. J. (1998) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/13.3.197 · Cited by 63
Hirosaki, M., Ohira, T., Kajiura, M., Kiyama, M., Kitamura, A., Sato, S., & Iso, H. (2013) · Geriatrics & Gerontology International · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00877.x · Cited by 62
Ortíz, A., Guerra, J. M. A., Chan, J. C. N., Jha, V., Kramer, H., Nicholas, S. B., Pavkov, M. E., Wanner, C., Wong, L. P., Cheung, M., et al. (2025) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2025.04.005 · Cited by 82
Oba, S., Noda, M., Waki, K., Nanri, A., Kato, M., Takahashi, Y., Poudel‐Tandukar, K., Matsushita, Y., Inoue, M., Mizoue, T., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017061 · Cited by 62
Prescripción de ejercicio físico: indicaciones, posología y efectos adversos
Bayego, E. S., Vila, G. S., & Martínez, Í. S. (2011) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2010.12.008 · Cited by 62
Kiefer, M. M., Silverman, J. B., Young, B. A., & Nelson, K. M. (2014) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3147-8 · Cited by 68
Diabetes mellitus: lessons from patient education
Maldonato, A., Bloise, D., Ceci, M., Fraticelli, E., & Fallucca, F. (1995) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(95)00736-j · Cited by 62
An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Exercise Among Older Adults1
Brenes, G. A., Strube, M., & Storandt, M. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01371.x · Cited by 62
Sardinha, L. B., Teixeira, P. J., Guedes, D. P., Going, S. B., & Lohman, T. G. (2000) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2000.17716 · Cited by 64
Measuring physical activity among adolescents.
Heath, G. W., Pate, R. R., & Pratt, M. (1993) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 62
O'Donovan, G., Owen, A., Kearney, E. M., Jones, D. W., Nevill, A. M., Woolf-May, K., & Bird, S. R. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803004 · Cited by 61
Zhao, I., Bogossian, F. E., & Turner, C. T. (2012) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31824e1058 · Cited by 61
Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia relate differently to insulin resistance
Bijlsma, A. Y., Meskers, C. G. M., van Heemst, D., Westendorp, R. G. J., de Craen, A. J. M., & Maier, A. B. (2013) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-013-9516-0 · Cited by 61
Barriers and facilitators to physical activity among urban residents with diabetes in Nepal
Kadariya, S., & Aro, A. R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199329 · Cited by 59
Exercise: the brittle cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment
Praet, S., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2008) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0910-y · Cited by 65
Stack, A. G., & Murthy, B. V. R. (2008) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.09.008 · Cited by 63
Assessment of Physical Activity by Telephone Interview versus Objective Monitoring
Strath, S. J., Bassett, D. R., Ham, S. A., & Swartz, A. M. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000099091.38917.76 · Cited by 61
Sites, C. K., Brochu, M., Tchernof, A., & Poehlman, É. T. (2001) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2001.24878 · Cited by 61
A pilot trial of a videogame-based exercise program for methadone maintained patients
Cutter, C. J., Schottenfeld, R. S., Moore, B. A., Ball, S. A., Beitel, M., Savant, J. D., Stults‐Kolehmainen, M., Doucette, C., & Barry, D. T. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.05.007 · Cited by 63
Lifetime recreational exercise activity and risk of breast carcinoma in situ
Patel, A. V., Press, M. F., Meeske, K., Calle, E. E., & Bernstein, L. (2003) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.11768 · Cited by 61
Honda, T., Kuwahara, K., Nakagawa, T., Yamamoto, S., Hayashi, T., & Mizoue, T. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2362-5 · Cited by 59
Decline in Physical Activity Level in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort
Wilson, C. L., Stratton, K. L., Leisenring, W. M., Oeffinger, K. C., Nathan, P. C., Wasilewski‐Masker, K. J., Hudson, M. M., Castellino, S. M., Stovall, M., Armstrong, G. T., et al. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0213 · Cited by 59
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents
Callahan, S. T., & Mansfield, M. J. (2000) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200008000-00004 · Cited by 59
Shima, K., Shi, K., Mizuno, A., Sano, T., Ishida, K., & Noma, Y. (1996) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90222-x · Cited by 59
Leisure-time physical activity and type 2 diabetes during a 28 year follow-up in twins
Waller, K. L., Kaprio, J. A., Lehtovirta, M., Silventoinen, K., Koskenvuo, M., & Kujala, U. M. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1875-9 · Cited by 58
Prevalence of Major Behavioral Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Siegel, K. R., Bullard, K. M., Imperatore, G., Ali, M. K., Albright, A. L., Mercado, C. I., Li, R., & Gregg, E. W. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-1775 · Cited by 61
Exercise and Diet in the Prevention and Control of the Metabolic Syndrome
Barnard, R. J., & Wen, S. J. (1994) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199418040-00002 · Cited by 57
Stettler, R., Ith, M., Acheson, K. J., Décombaz, J., Boesch, C., Tappy, L., & Binnert, C. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1404 · Cited by 62
Status of the Year 2000 Health Goals for Physical Activity and Fitness
Francis, K. T. (1999) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/79.4.405 · Cited by 58
Lee-Ødegård, S., Olsén, T., Vinknes, K. J., Refsum, H., Gulseth, H. L., Birkeland, K. I., & Drevon, C. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010010 · Cited by 58
Racial/ethnic disparity and predictors of leisure-time physical activity among U.S. men.
Ahmed, N. U., Smith, G. L., Flores, A. M., Pamies, R. J., Mason, H. R. C., Woods, K. F., & Stain, S. C. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 55
Muscular response and adaptation to diabetes mellitus
Sun, Z. (2008) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3038 · Cited by 56
Parra-Medina, D. M., & Messias, D. K. H. (2011) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2011.10483668 · Cited by 57
Physical activity and the risk of ovarian cancer: A case‐control study in Canada
Pan, S. Y., Ugnat, A., & Mao, Y. (2005) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21157 · Cited by 57
Clinical Measures of Physical Fitness Predict Insulin Resistance in People at Risk for Diabetes
Chen, C., Chuang, L., & Wu, Y.-T. (2008) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20080064 · Cited by 58
Potteiger, J. A., JACOBSEN, D. J., Donnelly, J. E., & Hill, J. O. (2003) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(03)00146-x · Cited by 57
Predicting Physical Activity Change in Men and Women in Two New England Communities
Eaton, C. B., Reynes, J. F., Assaf, A. R., Feldman, H. A., Lasater, T. M., & Carleton, R. A. (1993) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30717-7 · Cited by 57
Breast cancer treatment-associated cardiovascular toxicity and effects of exercise countermeasures
Yu, A. F., & Jones, L. W. (2016) · Cardio-Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40959-016-0011-5 · Cited by 60
The management of the obese diabetic patient
Albu, J., & Raja-Khan, N. T. (2003) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/s0095-4543(03)00043-5 · Cited by 56
Biomarkers of aging: from molecules and surrogates to physiology and function
Furrer, R., & Handschin, C. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2024 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- Helmrich, S. P., Ragland, D. R., Leung, R. W., & Paffenbarger, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Ragland, David R.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1991-07-18
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 147-152
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2317654055
- Cited by
- 1,634
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 19.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl034174-11)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32-HL07365, T32HL007365, R01 HL34174)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- physical activity, type 2 diabetes, diabetes prevention, energy expenditure, leisure-time physical activity, walking, stair climbing, sport, weight gain, body mass index, hypertension, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Energy Metabolism, Physical Exertion, Humans, Hypertension, Leisure Activities, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
