Cited by 863Ethics in Clinical ResearchEthics and bioethics in healthcareBiomedical Ethics and Regulation

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The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World

Angell, Marcia·1997·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejm199709183371209

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Abstract

An essential ethical condition for a randomized clinical trial comparing two treatments for a disease is that there be no good reason for thinking one is better than the other.1,2 Usually, investigators hope and even expect that the new treatment will be better, but there should not be solid evidence one way or the other. If there is, not only would the trial be scientifically redundant, but the investigators would be guilty of knowingly giving inferior treatment to some participants in the trial. The necessity for investigators to be in this state of equipoise2 applies to placebo-controlled trials, as . . .

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Authors: Angell, M.
Corresponding author: Angell, Marcia
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 1997-09-18
Volume: 337
Issue: 12
Pages: 847-849
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199709183371209
OpenAlex: W2062146075
Cited by: 863
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Biomedical Ethics and Regulation
Keywords: clinical research ethics, randomized controlled trials, equipoise, developing countries, research participant protection
MeSH terms: Clinical Trials as Topic, Developing Countries, Ethics, Medical, Humans, Informed Consent, Placebos, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, United States, United States Public Health Service, HIV Infections, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Ethical Review, Moral Obligations, Withholding Treatment, Ethical Relativism, Codes of Ethics, Control Groups, Editorial Policies, Research Subjects, Therapeutic Human Experimentation, Pregnant Women, Pregnant People, Internationality

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The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World

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