The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World
Abstract
An essential ethical condition for a randomized clinical trial comparing two treatments for a disease is that there be no good reason for thinking one is better than the other.1,2 Usually, investigators hope and even expect that the new treatment will be better, but there should not be solid evidence one way or the other. If there is, not only would the trial be scientifically redundant, but the investigators would be guilty of knowingly giving inferior treatment to some participants in the trial. The necessity for investigators to be in this state of equipoise2 applies to placebo-controlled trials, as . . .
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Even within the paucity of literature on conducting clinical trials in low resource countries, the literature mostly relates to ethical issues [19, 26–28].”
From Barriers for conducting clinical trials in developing countries—A systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Citations
Cites
Clozapine for the Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenic: A Double-blind Comparison With Chlorpromazine
Kane, J. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800330013001 · Cited by 4,156
Connor, E. M., SPERLING, R. S., Gelber, R. D., Kiselev, P., Scott, G. B., O’Sullivan, M. J., VanDyke, R., Bey, M., Shearer, W. T., Jacobson, R. L., et al. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199411033311801 · Cited by 3,685
Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research
Freedman, B. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198707163170304 · Cited by 2,339
A history and theory of informed consent
Kapp, M. B. (1986) · Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1080/01947648609513478 · Cited by 2,328
Carlsson, A., & Lindqvist, M. (1963) · Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1963.tb01730.x · Cited by 2,156
International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects
Cioms (1993) · Cited by 1,311
Bass, J. B., Farer, L. S., Hopewell, P. C., O'Brien, R., Jacobs, R. F., Ruben, F. L., Snider, D. E., & Thornton, G. F. (1994) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.5.8173779 · Cited by 1,190
Lurie, P. G., & Wolfe, S. M. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199709183371212 · Cited by 884
SPERLING, R. S., Shapiro, D. E., Coombs, R. W., Todd, J. A., Herman, S. A., McSherry, G., O’Sullivan, M. J., Dyke, R. B. V., Jiménez, E., Rouzioux, C., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199611283352201 · Cited by 800
Olanzapine versus Placebo and Haloperidol
Beasley, C. M., Tollefson, G. D., Tran, P., SATTERLEE, W. G., Sanger, T. M., & Hamilton, S. H. (1996) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0893-133x(95)00069-p · Cited by 777
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.2307/3562946 · DOI
- 1990, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 39, 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–862 of 862
The Use of Animals in Research
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0010
Scientific Research and Ethics
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0001
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0005
Data Acquisition and Management
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0003
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0013
Mentoring and the Research Environment
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0009
The Protection of Human Subjects in Research
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0011
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0007
Science and Social Responsibility
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0012
Методология экспериментирования и проблемы биомедицинской этики
Ушаков, Е. В. (2022) · ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ · doi:10.18411/trnio-04-2022-268
London, A. J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197534830.002.0004
London, A. J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197534830.002.0006
London, A. J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197534830.002.0003
London, A. J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197534830.002.0008
Acreditación de los comités de ética en investigación en el Paraguay: un imperativo ético
García, C. R. C., & Bianchini, A. D. (2023) · Revista de Bioética y Derecho · doi:10.1344/rbd2023.58.39928
Caplan, A. L., & Schwartz, J. L. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-79058-1.00086-4
Camarena, H. P. (2009) · Revista Peruana de Pediatría · doi:10.61651/rped.2009v62n1p49-52
Ethics of Outsourcing Drug Trials
Barat, S. (2023) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2045-7.ch037
The Yanomami: A Case of Retrospective Ethics
Perlstadt, H. (2023) · Clinical sociology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34538-8_9
Are International Clinical Trials Exploitative?
Arp, R., & Caplan, A. L. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781394260973.part15
Medical Trainees Abroad: Neglected Human Rights Considerations
Appel, J. M. (2024) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180124000069
Научные исследования и этические принципы: современные дискуссии
Sandybayevа, U., & Медеуова, К. А. (2023) · BULLETIN of the L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University Historical sciences Philosophy Religion Series · doi:10.32523/2616-7255-2023-145-4-300-317
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.002.0005
Shamoo, A. E., & Resnik, D. B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197547090.002.0003
Thorpe, R. J., Bruce, M. A., Beech, B. M., Heitman, E., & Norris, K. C. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch09
(2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476bm1
Airhihenbuwa, C. O., Jack, L., & Ameen, K. S. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch06
7. Behavioral Research to Reduce and Eliminate Health Disparities
McDaniel, M. D., & Parra-Medina, D. M. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch07
III. SPECIAL ISSUES IN MINORITY PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH RESEARCH
(2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476sec3
(2024) · doi:10.2105/9780875533476fm2
1. Biological Anthropology: Perspectives on Human Variation and the Concept of Race
Ubelaker, D. H. V. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch01
Lee, S. J. C. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch13
8. Community-Engaged Research: An Inclusive Approach to Advancing Health Equity
Okah, E. D., McKinley, M. W., Corbie, G., & Dave, G. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch08
2. Distinctions Between Race and Genetic Ancestry in Research to Redress Health Disparities
Roberts, J. L. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch02
Saurav Aryal, Okunji, P. O., Shara, N. M., Libin, A., Jackson, A. D., Laurence, B., Ferguson, E. S., Washington, G. J., & Burge, L. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch12
II. ETHICAL, SOCIAL, AND BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVES
(2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476sec2
(2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476index
Wells, A. L., & Heitman, E. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch04
I. THE MEANING OF RACE IN HEALTH RESEARCH
(2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476sec1
3. Enhancing Genomic Research Through the Lens of Indigenous Data Sovereignty
Garrison, N. A., & Carroll, S. R. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch03
11. International Perspectives on Race in Research
Tankwanchi, A. B. S., Asabor, E. N., & Vermund, S. H. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch11
10. Racialized Stigma of Disease: The Case of COVID-19
Valier, Q., Reed, B. C., & Lall, B. (2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476ch10
Race and Research: Perspectives on Minority Participation in Health Studies, 2nd ed.
(2024) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533476
5 Health Emergency Research amid Global Inequities: Some Considerations for Researchers
Greco, D. B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48408-7_7
Resnik, D. B. (2024) · The International Library of Bioethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82757-0_1
Current State of Bioethics Relating to Biotechnology for Engineering Education
Jurak, S. F., Jurak, E., & Asmatulu, R. (2025) · doi:10.18260/1-2-1153-54265
Zarządzanie badaniami biomedycznymi – perspektywa współpracy międzynarodowej
Łaska‐Formejster, A. (2013) · Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Sociologica · doi:10.18778/0208-600x.45.10
Justice and Equity of Placebo-Controlled Trials: What Has Changed?
Kurihara, C., Greco, D. B., Dhai, A., & Saio, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9294-1_10
Learning from the past: Old and new ethical responsibilities in health research
Vidal, S., Gonorazky, S. E., Cox, S., & Solbakk, J. H. (2025) · Revista Colombiana de Bioética · doi:10.18270/rcb.4977
Contradictory Responses to Similar Cases?
Luna, F. (2026) · The International Library of Bioethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14594-9_1
Couderc, M. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/428deea2z87aaz4e57z9d54z7156018fc95a · Cited by 2
The evolution of ethical and legal regulations of drug research
Polak, A., Zagaja, A., & Drozd, M. (2026) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2026.104653
Tindana, P. O., Haddad, E., Wilson, E., Agbloyor, E., Sewankambo, N. K., KASS, N. E., & Ali, J. (2026) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/15562646261445485
Doing Good Well in Unethical Times: A Call to Action for HIV Prevention Research
Fisher, C., Brown, B. J., Fletcher, F. E., Gomez, C. A., Hubach, R. D., Rendina, H. J., & Sauceda, J. A. (2026) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-026-05181-8
Moodley, K., Rennie, S., & Earp, B. D. (2026) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.langlo.2026.103980
Research Ethics and IRB Practice in Bangladeshi Medical Colleges: Strengthening the Review Process
Shahid, S. M. A. (2026) · TAJ Journal of Teachers Association · doi:10.70818/taj.v39i03.0859
Metadata
- Authors
- Angell, M.
- Corresponding author
- Angell, Marcia
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1997-09-18
- Volume
- 337
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 847-849
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2062146075
- Cited by
- 863
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Biomedical Ethics and Regulation
- Keywords
- clinical research ethics, randomized controlled trials, equipoise, developing countries, research participant protection
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Developing Countries, Ethics, Medical, Humans, Informed Consent, Placebos, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, United States, United States Public Health Service, HIV Infections, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Ethical Review, Moral Obligations, Withholding Treatment, Ethical Relativism, Codes of Ethics, Control Groups, Editorial Policies, Research Subjects, Therapeutic Human Experimentation, Pregnant Women, Pregnant People, Internationality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
