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A Serious Adverse Event after Successful Gene Therapy for X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Abstract
To the Editor: We recently reported (April 18 issue)1 the sustained correction of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease by ex vivo, retrovirally mediated transfer of the γc gene into CD34+ cells in four of five patients with the disease. These results have since been confirmed in four additional patients with typical X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Of the first four successfully treated patients, three continue to do well up to 3.6 years after gene therapy, whereas a serious adverse event occurred in the fourth patient. At a routine checkup 30 months after gene therapy, lymphocytosis consisting of a monoclonal population . . .
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“Lentiviral vectors are considered safer than gamma-retroviral vectors in terms of their semi-random integration patterns, as gene integration does not preferentially occur in start regions of active genes (93-95).”
From Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [93]
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BackgroundSelf-citationHoare, M., Greiser, U., Schu, S., Mashayekhi, K., Aydogan, E., Murphy, M., Barry, F., Ritter, T., & O'Brien, T. (2010) · Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.1426 · Cited by 46
Methods for integration site distribution analyses in animal cell genomes
Ciuffi, A., Ronen, K., Brady, T., Malani, N., Wang, G., Berry, C. C., & Bushman, F. D. (2008) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.10.028 · Cited by 46
In vivo correction of ZAP-70 immunodeficiency by intrathymic gene transfer.
Adjali, O., Marodon, G., Steinberg, M., Mongellaz, C., Thomas-Vaslin, V., Jacquet, C., Taylor, N., & Klatzmann, D. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23966 · Cited by 46
Lee, D., Choi, K., Oh, I., Song, S. U., Hwang, S., Lim, C., Hyun, J., Lee, H.-Y., Chi, G.-F., Yi, Y., et al. (2005) · doi:10.1089/ten.2005.11.310 · Cited by 46
Advances in treatment for chronic granulomatous disease
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“Other oncogenes were also found to be upregulated in three of the Wve patients [ 23 ] (and personal communication).”
BackgroundMethodSo, J. Y., Nazaroff, J., IWUMMADU, C. V., Harris, N., Gorell, E. S., Fulchand, S., Bailey, I., McCarthy, D., Siprashvili, Z., Marinkovich, M. P., et al. (2022) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-022-02546-9 · Cited by 47
“However, much remains unknown about the long-term outcomes and safety implications of gene therapy in RDEB including the potential risk for insertional mutagenesis and malignancy associated with retroviral vectors [8], or autoimmunity to genetically-modified cells or fulllength C7 [9].”
BackgroundSchott, J. W., León‐Rico, D., Ferreira, C. B., Buckland, K. F., Santilli, G., Armant, M. A., Schambach, A., Cavazza, A., & Thrasher, A. J. (2019) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.015 · Cited by 54
IL-12 based gene therapy in veterinary medicine
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“Unfortunately, however, the initial human clinical studies employing gene therapy also revealed important safety concerns [4,5].”
BackgroundDeichmann, A., Brugman, M. H., Bartholomae, C. C., Schwarzwaelder, K., Verstegen, M. M. A., Howe, S. J., Arens, A., Ott, M., Hoelzer, D. F., Seger, R. A., et al. (2011) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2011.178 · Cited by 52
Self-citationPEG–PLA microparticles for encapsulation and delivery of Tat-EGFP to retinal cells
Rafat, M., Cléroux, C. A., Fong, W. G., Baker, A. N., Leonard, B. C., O’Connor, M. D., & Tsilfidis, C. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.031 · Cited by 44
“While it has been demonstrated that intraocular viral delivery can effectively circumvent these barriers and deliver genes to the retina [3–5], viral vectors have been associated with risks of insertional mutagenesis [6,7], immunogenicity, and in some cases death [8].”
BackgroundGene Therapy for Hemophilia: Clinical Trials and Technical Tribulations
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TAL1 as a master oncogenic transcription factor in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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“Although retroviral vectors have been the most widely used gene transfer vehicles in the clinic, the risk of insertional oncogenesis seen in the trial of X-SCID infants in 2003 has limited the use of retroviral gene transfer systems in humans [25].”
BackgroundGene therapy strategies for hemophilia: benefits versus risks
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“Safety concerns rose when T-cell leukemia was observed in several subjects enrolled in a clinical trial for SCID-X1 immunodeficient disorder, using ex vivo γ -retrovirally transduced autologous bone marrow cells [105].”
BackgroundHomologous and heterologous recombination between adenovirus vector DNA and chromosomal DNA
Stephen, S. L., Sivanandam, V., & Kochanek, S. (2008) · Journal of Gene Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgm.1246 · Cited by 44
“centre of biosafety research for some time [1,2], long-term”
BackgroundCorrection of canine X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency by in vivo retroviral gene therapy.
Ponder, K., Ravin, S. S. T.-D., Kennedy, D., Naumann, N., Kennedy, J., Choi, U., Hartnett, B., Linton, G., Whiting-Theobald, N., Moore, P., et al. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-10-4057 · Cited by 44
Tumor-specific nuclear targeting: promises for anti-cancer therapy?
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A review of gene therapy for haematological disorders
Nathwani, A. C., Davidoff, A. M., & Linch, D. C. (2004) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05231.x · Cited by 43
“Two children in the French SCID-XI study who appeared to be cured of their immunodeficiency by gene therapy developed T-cell leukaemia nearly 3 years after transplantation with genemodified cells (Hacein-Bey-Abina et al, 2003a).”
BackgroundResultGene transfer in tissue repair: status, challenges and future directions
Eming, S. A., Krieg, T. M., & Davidson, J. M. (2004) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.4.9.1373 · Cited by 46
“However, very recent reports highlight the risk of vector-induced target cell transformation in human gene therapy trials [37,38].”
BackgroundVanderbyl, S., Macdonald, G., Sidhu, S., Gung, L., Telenius, A., Perez, C., & Perkins, E. (2004) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.22-3-324 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- Hacein-Bey-Abina, S., von Kalle, C., Schmidt, M., Le Deist, F., Wulffraat, N., McIntyre, E., Radford, I., Villeval, J.-L., Fraser, C. C., Cavazzana-Calvo, M., & Fischer, A.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2003-01-16
- Volume
- 348
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-256
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2323613689
- Cited by
- 1,867
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 92
- FWCI
- 86.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › CAR-T cell therapy research
- Keywords
- X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, gene therapy, adverse events, gene therapy safety
- MeSH terms
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Genetic Linkage, Metalloproteins, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Retroviridae, Genetic Therapy, Gene Expression, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Lymphocyte Count, Chromosomes, Human, X, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma, LIM Domain Proteins
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