IL-1RA Antibodies in Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination
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Most studies of COVID-19 report a male dominance of around 60% men to 40% women.
“Most studies of COVID-19 report a male dominance of around 60% men to 40% women. 12,13”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The opening paragraph (page not specified) says that myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination predominantly affects male adolescents and young adults. It does not say that most studies of COVID-19 find a male predominance, or report a 60%–40% split; the claim extends a narrower observation to a different population. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients with elevated IL-1RA antibodies had higher levels of cardiac inflammation, CRP, and troponin.
“They found that patients with elevated IL-1RA antibodies had higher levels of cardiac inflammation, CRP, and troponin. 12”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
In the section “IL-1RA Antibodies in Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination” (page not specified), the paper links IL-1RA plasma levels to troponin, cardiac-tissue inflammatory-cell infiltration, and CRP, and reports cardiac damage and inflammation in patients with anti–IL-1RA antibodies. It does not show that patients with elevated antibody levels had higher levels of those markers than patients without the antibodies; its reported negative correlation concerns IL-1RA plasma levels, not antibody levels. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCOVID-19 occurs predominantly in men, which may be explained at least in part by a higher expression of ACE2 on male versus female cells.
“COVID-19 occurs predominantly in men, 11-13 which may be explained, at least in part, by a higher expression of ACE2 on male versus female cells.”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
In the opening paragraph of the letter (page unavailable), the source says myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination predominantly affects male adolescents and young adults. That is a different condition from COVID-19 itself, so it does not establish the cited claim that COVID-19 occurs predominantly in men. The source also does not discuss male–female differences in ACE2 expression. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients with biopsy-confirmed myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination had elevated levels of antibodies directed against IL-1RA, which is part of the TLR4/IL-1R signaling family.
“Thurner et al 12 found that patients with biopsy-confirmed myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination had elevated levels of antibodies directed against IL-1RA, which is part of the TLR4/IL-1R signaling family.”
From COVID-19, Myocarditis and Pericarditis (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
The paper reports anti–IL-1RA antibodies in a subset of patients with biopsy-confirmed myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: 9 of 12 patients younger than 21 and 3 of 28 older patients. It describes IL-1RA as an inhibitor of interleukin-1 signaling, but does not identify it as part of a TLR4/IL-1R signaling family. The claim also omits that the antibodies were found in only a subset of these patients. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Evidence for Maternal Autoantibodies in the Pathogenesis of Preterm BirthPreprint
Rackaityte, E., Borges, B., Kortbawi, H. M., Miller, H. S., Shao, S. J., Zorn, K. C., Caspar, C., Wong, R., McCarthy, F., Creery, J. S., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.24314850
Cardiac clinical manifestations
Khan, J., Bhamare, A., Hashim, L., Rehman, T. A. Z. U., & Pahuja, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14001-3.00006-6
Autoimmunity against cytokines: Double strike in autoimmune disease, a historical perspective
Insignares, I., Rodríguez, L., Correa-Jiménez, Ó., Alfaro-Murillo, A., Rincón-Arenas, L. A., Sánchez, A., & Múnera, M. (2024) · Biomédica · doi:10.7705/biomedica.7570
Miocarditis y miocardiopatía inflamatoria
Rodríguez, F. D., Ayestarán, N. M., González, R. G., & Segovia, J. (2025) · Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado · doi:10.1016/j.med.2025.11.009
Bouayad, A. (2026) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.114269
Functional Autoantibodies in Myocardial Diseases
Vanhentenrijk, S., Augusto, S. N., Wilcox, J. D., Liu, C., & Tang, W. H. W. (2026) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2026.101636 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Acute Myocarditis: From Pathophysiology to Risk‐Stratified Management—A Clinical Review
Golino, M., Buono, M. G. D., Abbate, A., Potere, N., Bonaventura, A., Vecchié, A., Malandrino, D., Emmi, G., Kron, J., & Abbate, A. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.70247
Ruscitti, P., Favoino, E., Viapiano, F., Sgarlata, G., Vomero, M., Corcia, L. P. D., Mariani, F., Cipriani, P., Giacomelli, R., & Perosa, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1957327
Evidence for maternal autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of preterm birth
Rackaityte, E., Borges, B., Kortbawi, H. M., Miller, H. S., Shao, S. J., Zorn, K. C., Caspar, C. M., Wong, R., McCarthy, F., Creery, J. S., et al. (2026) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-026-02689-y
- Authors
- Thurner, L., Kessel, C., Fadle, N., Regitz, E., Seidel, F., Kindermann, I., Lohse, S., Kos, I., Tschöpe, C., Kheiroddin, P., Kiblboeck, D., Hoffmann, M.-C., Bette, B., Carbon, G., Cetin, O., Preuss, K.-D., Christofyllakis, K., Bittenbring, J. T., Pickardt, T., Fischer, Y., Thiele, H., Baldus, S., Stangl, K., Steiner, S., Gietzen, F., Kerber, S., Deneke, T., Jellinghaus, S., Linke, A., Ibrahim, K., Grabmaier, U., Massberg, S., Thilo, C., Greulich, S., Gawaz, M., Mayatepek, E., Meyer-Dobkowitz, L., Kindermann, M., Birk, E., Birk, M., Lainscak, M., Foell, D., Lepper, P. M., Bals, R., Krawczyk, M., Mevorach, D., Hasin, T., Keren, A., Kabesch, M., Abdul-Khaliq, H., Smola, S., Bewarder, M., Thurner, B., Böhm, M., Pfeifer, J., & Klingel, K.
- Affiliations
- Saarland University (DE)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz (AT)
- Competence Network for Congenital Heart Defects (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- University Hospital Cologne (DE)
- St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus Limburg (DE)
- Cardiovascular Center Bad Neustadt–Saale, Bad Neustadt–Saale, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Klinikum Chemnitz (DE)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- RoMed Kliniken (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Klinikum Westbrandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
- cts CaritasKlinikum Saarbrücken (DE)
- Schneider Children's Medical Center (IL)
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center (IL)
- Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Klinikum Kempten, Kempten, Germany
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Thurner, Lorenz
- ORCID
- Thurner, Lorenz
- Kessel, Christoph
- Seidel, Franziska
- Kindermann, Ingrid
- Lohse, Stefan
- Kos, Igor
- Tschöpe, Carsten
- Kheiroddin, Parastoo
- Kiblboeck, Daniel
- Cetin, Onur
- Preuss, Klaus-Dieter
- Christofyllakis, Konstantinos
- Bittenbring, Joerg T.
- Pickardt, Thomas
- Fischer, Yvan
- Baldus, Stephan
- Stangl, Karl
- Kerber, Sebastian
- Deneke, Thomas
- Linke, Axel
- Ibrahim, Karim
- Grabmaier, Ulrich
- Massberg, Steffen
- Thilo, Christian
- Greulich, Simon
- Gawaz, Meinrad
- Mayatepek, Ertan
- Kindermann, Michael
- Foell, Dirk
- Lepper, Philipp M.
- Bals, Robert
- Krawczyk, Marcin
- Mevorach, Dror
- Hasin, Tal
- Keren, Andre
- Kabesch, Michael
- Smola, Sigrun
- Bewarder, Moritz
- Böhm, Michael
- Pfeifer, Jochen
- Klingel, Karin
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-10-20
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1524-1527
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC9513854
- OpenAlex
- W4296701731
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 12.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Saarland (BioNanoMed Young Investigator)
- Deutsche Herzstiftung
- Land Baden-Württemberg (COVID-19 Projektförderung)
- German Competence Network for Congenital Heart Defects (01GI0601)
- National Register for Congenital Heart Defects (01KX2140)
- State of Saarland (Funding of SaarCoVac registry)
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, myocarditis, COVID-19 vaccination, COVID-19 vaccine adverse events, autoantibodies
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Antibodies, Humans, Myocarditis, Vaccination, Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
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