The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Timing and Magnitude of Increases in Levothyroxine Requirements during Pregnancy in Women with Hypothyroidism
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been associated with impaired cognitive development and increased fetal mortality. During pregnancy, maternal thyroid hormone requirements increase. Although it is known that women with hypothyroidism should increase their levothyroxine dose during pregnancy, biochemical hypothyroidism occurs in many. In this prospective study we attempted to identify precisely the timing and amount of levothyroxine adjustment required during pregnancy. METHODS: Women with hypothyroidism who were planning pregnancy were observed prospectively before and throughout their pregnancies. Thyroid function, human chorionic gonadotropin, and estradiol were measured before conception, approximately every two weeks during the first trimester, and monthly thereafter. The dose of levothyroxine was increased to maintain the thyrotropin concentration at preconception values throughout pregnancy. RESULTS: Twenty pregnancies occurred in 19 women and resulted in 17 full-term births. An increase in the levothyroxine dose was necessary during 17 pregnancies. The mean levothyroxine requirement increased 47 percent during the first half of pregnancy (median onset of increase, eight weeks of gestation) and plateaued by week 16. This increased dose was required until delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Levothyroxine requirements increase as early as the fifth week of gestation. Given the importance of maternal euthyroidism for normal fetal cognitive development, we propose that women with hypothyroidism increase their levothyroxine dose by approximately 30 percent as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. Thereafter, serum thyrotropin levels should be monitored and the levothyroxine dose adjusted accordingly.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Women being treated for hypothyroidism typically require an increase in their LT4 dose early in the first trimester of pregnancy (228).”
From Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement (2014) · cites this paper as [228]
In the citing paper
“As mentioned above, during normal pregnancy, women experience increased thyroxine requirements that may approach 50% [41, 60].”
From Diagnosis and management of treatment-refractory hypothyroidism: an expert consensus report (2017) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“Women with athyreosis, the most severe form of CH, require the highest doses and treatment should aim to keep TSH concentrations <2.5 mU/L throughout pregnancy (154,155,158).”
In the citing paper
“During pregnancy, TH requirement increases and most LT4-treated women require a dose increase up to 30%.”
In the citing paper
“The sharp rise in oestrogen levels during the first weeks of pregnancy leads to an elevation of TBG levels and thus contributes to a greater requirement for LT4 [ 91 ].”
From Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults (2022) · cites this paper as [91]
Citations
Cites
The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study
Canaris, G. J., Manowitz, N. R., Mayor, G., & Ridgway, E. C. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526 · Cited by 2,824
Haddow, J. E., Palomaki, G. E., Allan, W. C., Williams, J. R., Knight, G. J., Gagnon, J., O'Heir, C. E., Mitchell, M. L., Hermos, R. J., Waisbren, S. E., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908193410801 · Cited by 2,558
The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey
Vanderpump, M. P. J., Tunbrldge, W. M. G., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., Evans, J. G., Hasan, D. M., Rodgers, H., Tunbridge, F., et al. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x · Cited by 2,432
Glinoer, D. (1997) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.18.3.0300 · Cited by 1,364
Vulsma, T., Gons, M. H., & de Vijlder, J. J. M. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198907063210103 · Cited by 795
Regulation of Maternal Thyroid during Pregnancy*
Glinoer, D., Nayer, P. D., Bourdoux, P. P., Lemone, M., Robyn, C., Steirteghem, A. V., KINTHAERT, J., & Lejeune, B. (1990) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-71-2-276 · Cited by 724
Maternal and Fetal Thyroid Function
Epstein, F. H., Burrow, G. N., Fisher, D. A., & Larsen, P. R. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199410203311608 · Cited by 720
Self-citationOvert and Subclinical Hypothyroidism Complicating Pregnancy
Abalovich, M., Gutierrez, S., Alcaraz, G., Maccallini, G., Garcia, A., & Levalle, O. (2002) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072502753451986 · Cited by 714
Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening
Allan, W. C., Haddow, J. E., Palomaki, G. E., Williams, J. R., Mitchell, M. L., Hermos, R. J., Faix, J. D., & Klein, R. (2000) · Journal of Medical Screening · doi:10.1136/jms.7.3.127 · Cited by 643
The Disorders Induced by Iodine Deficiency
DELANGE, F. (1994) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1994.4.107 · Cited by 638
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Menacker F, Hamilton BE. Births: final data for 1999. National vital statistics reports. Vol. 49. No. 1. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, March 2001. (DHHS publication no. (PHS) 2001-1120 1-0355.)
- Pekonen F, 1984, Obstet Gynecol, 63, 635
- McDougall IR, 1995, J Fam Pract, 41, 238
- 10.1210/jc.84.11.4000 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.85.2.545 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 632
Management of Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: Before, During, and After
Alexander, E. K. (2015) · The Endocrine Society eBooks · doi:10.1210/mtp4.9781936704941.ch66
Self-citationExecutive Summary Management of Thyroid Dysfunction during Pregnancy and Postpartum
Abalovich, M., Barbour, L. A., Cobin, R. H., DeGroot, L. J., Glinoer, D., Mandel, S. J., & Stagnaro‐Green, A. (2007)
The Pre-Eclampsia like Syndrome. A Rare Complication of Pregnancy Associated Hypothyroidism
Russu, M. C., Cantacuzino, I., & Davila, C. (2015)
Tratamento do hipotiroidismo baseado em evidência
Valente, O., de Oliveira, F., & Valente, F. (2009)
Hipotireoidismo e gestação: diagnóstico e conduta
Almeida, J. P., Monteiro, D. L. M., & Trajano, A. J. B. (2015) · Revista Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto · doi:10.12957/rhupe.2015.18420
Colzani, R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2059-4_12
Hipotiroidismo y embarazo: Diagnóstico y tratamiento
Cano, F. D., & Paredes, A. (2009)
Mansourian, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2013.649.664
Thomas, N., Vp, T., Sathya, B., George, S., & Thomas, N. (2005)
Zamperini, P., Gibelli, B., Gilardi, D., Tradati, N., Chiesa, F., & Division, N. S. (2009)
Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy: Review
Eraydın, A., & Akarsu, E. (2016) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.5336/endocrin.2015-47689
Management of Hypothyroidism During Pregnancy
Brett, A. S. (2004) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jw200407200000004
Kim, J. (2016) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2016.59.1.31
Endocrine Abnormalities in RPL
Benshalom-Tirosh, N., Tirosh, D., Steiner, N., & Bashiri, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27452-2_3
Hipotiroidismo y riesgo de aborto Hypothyroidism and risk of miscarriage
Vivas, C. A., Cárdenas, J. S., Cardozo, S. M., Carvajal-Canizales, K., & Cifuentes, J. C. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
The patient with thyroid disease
Visser, W. E. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203092200-11
Thyroid function and disorders
Parviainen, K., & Ramaeker, D. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139628938.069
Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Physiology
Huang, S. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00148-7 · Cited by 1
Baron, H. L., & SINGER, P. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3291-5.50042-1
Chronic Medical Illness during Pregnancy
Calder, K. K., & Newton, E. J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05472-0.00177-8
Endocrine and Metabolic Emergencies in Pregnancy
Banerjee, A., & Williamson, C. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119374800.ch4
Achieving pregnancy in the anovulatory woman
Legro, R. S., & Dokras, A. (2008) · Reproductive medicine and assisted reproductive techniques series · doi:10.3109/9780203092200.020
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Transport
Germain, D. L. S., & Hernández, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00076-7 · Cited by 1
Fetal Thyroid and Adrenal Disease
Robson, S. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5908-0.00021-1
Schildklierdisfunctie bij zwangeren: klinische dilemma's
Vissenberg, R., Goddijn, M., Mol, B. W., van der Post, J., Fliers, E., & Bisschop, P. H. L. T. (2012) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)
Updated Information on Stem Cells for the Neonatologist
Prasain, N., & Yöder, M. C. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-2662-6.00001-8
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Tahboub, R., & Arafah, B. M. (2009)
Pearce, E. N. (2016) · Clinical Thyroidology · doi:10.1089/ct.2016;28.270-272
妊娠第1期のTSH receptor antibodies値と抗甲状腺薬内服量によるバセドウ病妊婦における出産時治療の必要性の予測
妙子, 清., 弘, 吉., 國彦, 伊., 公一, 伊., & 晟時, 鈴. (2005) · 昭和医学会雑誌 · doi:10.14930/jsma1939.65.184
Guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento del hipotiroidismo
Brenta, G., Vaisman, M., Sgarbi, J. A., de Andrada, N. C., Bravo, P. P., Orlandi, A. M., & Graf, H. (2013)
Les dysthyroïdies périnatales : concepts actuels
Kariyawasam, D., Stoupa, A., Carré, A., & Polak, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-73742-8.00037-6
Patient Compliance and Awareness with Thyroid Replacement Therapy
Medicine, A. P. O. I., & Balla, D. A. A. (2016) · Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research · doi:10.18535/jmscr/v4i12.126
Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy: An Overview for the Primary Care Physician
Mulla, B. M., Mulla, C. M., & Hennessey, J. V. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39328-5_6
Successful twin pregnancy in panhypopituitarism
Jeewantha, R. D., Perera, M. R. L., Wijeyaratne, C. N., & Ranasinghe, L. D. (2015) · Sri Lanka Journal of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4038/sjdem.v5i2.7291
Thyroid Nodular Disease and Thyroid Cancer During Pregnancy
Angell, T. E., & Alexander, E. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43618-0_18
Self-citationKorevaar, T. I. M. (2017) · Clinical Thyroidology · doi:10.1089/ct.2017;29.307-309
Maternal hypothyroidism – a clinical perspective
Anitha, S., Lakshmi, R., Cherian, S., & Roshni, P. R. (2012) · International Journal of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences
Bliddal, S., Nielsen, H. S., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, U. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65222-4
Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy
Yim, C. H. (2018) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2018.61.4.253
Mujawar, S. A., Patil, V. W., Daver, R. G., & Mulkutkar, S. H. (2018) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182827
Endocrine and paracrine factors related to pregnancy and infertility
Hosseini, F. (2019) · Figshare
Thyroid and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Malhotra, N., Tandon, A., Kumari, S. S., & Agrawal, A. (2015) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jsafog-7-2-x
Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy
Faas, F. H. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9780470753293.ch42
Thyroïde, fonction gonadique et grossesse
Wémeau, J.-L., & Vaast, P. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-75965-9.00019-2
Thyroid Cancer During Pregnancy and Lactation
Rowe, C. W., Boelaert, K., & Smith, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814823-5.00020-9
Barbour, L. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05885-8.00040-4
Cohen, R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4745-2.00023-7
Tran, N., & Brent, G. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4745-2.00019-5
ROVET, J. F., Foley, T. P., & Nakhla, M. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4745-2.00010-9
Rodríguez‐Pinilla, E., & Weber-Schöndorfer, C. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52072-2.50019-7
NHG-Standaard Schildklieraandoeningen
Wessels, P., van Rijswijk, E., Boer, A., & van Lieshout, J. (2011) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-8279-8_71
DETECTION OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN EARLY PREGNANCY: UNIVERSAL SCREENING
Kour, M., & Kour, T. (2020) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.36106/ijar/1607490
Poppe, K. G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63277-9_4
Govindasamy, K., Kumaresan, D. G., Anitha, J., & Kumaravelu, P. (2019) · International Journal of Physiology Sports and Physical Education · doi:10.33545/26647710.2019.v1.i1a.4
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy (Content last reviewed: 15th October 2018)
Jarvis, S., & Nelson‐Piercy, C. (2017)
Pediatric Surgical Pathology of the Thyroid and Parathyroid
Somers, G. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59265-3_19
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy (Content last reviewed: 14th December 2020)
Jarvis, S., & Nelson‐Piercy, C. (2017)
Management Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: Preconception, and the Postpartum Complications
man, R. F. G., & Micheal, S. (2017) · Endocrinology and Disorders · doi:10.31579/2640-1045/012
Antenatal Thyroid Disease and Pharmacotherapy in Pregnancy
Clark, S. M., & Hankins, G. D. V. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00020-9
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37124-0_41
Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft
(2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-343721332-8.50004-1
Shah, M., & Gharib, H. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8684-8_3
Fisiología de la tiroides e hipotiroidismo en el embarazo. Revisión de tema
Rueda-Galvis, M. V., & Barrera, C. A. B. (2022) · Medicina y Laboratorio · doi:10.36384/01232576.557 · Cited by 5
Kasperk, H. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63825-5_41
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43487-1_41
(2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.92.8_supplement.5241
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34370-7_44
Sfeir, J. G., & Gharib, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90684-9_2
Antenatal thyroid disease and pharmacotherapy in pregnancy
Clark, S. M., & Monsivais, L. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818902-3.00024-5
Ziegler, R., & Kasperk, H. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59046-1_43
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47186-9_40
Huang, S. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-32322-0_3
Kim, M. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199358274.003.0047
Berga, S. L. (2019) · ISGE series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14358-9_2
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72548-0_44
Ziegler, R., & Kasperk, C. H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57386-0_43
Kilpatrick, S. J. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119072980.ch29
Ziegler, R., & Kasperk, C. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54630-7_43
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29242-2_41
Ziegler, R., & Kasperk, H. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62168-4_40
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01080-4_41
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: Hypothyroidism
Montoro, M. N. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444323030.ch24
Wémeau, J.-L., d’Herbomez, M., Perimenis, P., & Vélayoudom, F.-L. (2005) · EMC - Endocrinologie - Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s1155-1941(05)40440-0
Bayer, S. R. (2011) · Reproductive medicine and assisted reproductive techniques series · doi:10.3109/9781841848181.004
The patient with thyroid disease
Visser, W. E. (2008) · Reproductive medicine and assisted reproductive techniques series · doi:10.3109/9780203092200.008
(2006) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.03.046
Buschur, E., & Thung, S. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119635307.ch23
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13380-0_41
Tolcher, M. C., Hoff, H. S., & Aagaard, K. M. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119129400.ch32
Ziegler, R., & Kasperk, C. H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-50351-5_43
Ziegler, R., & Schwabe, U. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21992-4_41
Hussain, S. (2022) · InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice · doi:10.1177/17557380221096494
Maternal Clinical Hypothyroidism
Velasco, I., & Okosieme, O. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98777-0_6
Gestational Transient Hyperthyroidism
Karras, S. Ν., & Tzotzas, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98777-0_10
Antithyroid antibodies and reproductive function
Borodina, E., Gzgzyan, A. M., Dzhemlikhanova, L. K., Niauri, D. A., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90805-4.00023-7
Treatment-resistant hypothyroidism due to storage of levothyroxine at cold temperature
Barros, R. P. D. A., & Warszawski, L. (2022) · GSC Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/gscarr.2022.12.1.0186
Thyroid Nodules and Cancer During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Fethallah, B., Muluk, N. B., & Manole, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05303-0_56
An understanding of Thyroid Problems during Pregnancy
Khalid, M. A., Munawar, A., Mehmood, Z., Shahbaz, Z. B., Arif, S., & Naz, R. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs22166998
Metadata
- Authors
- Alexander, E. K., Marqusee, E., Lawrence, J., Jarolim, P., Fischer, G. A., & Larsen, P. R.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2004-07-15
- Volume
- 351
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 241-249
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2088262036
- Cited by
- 633
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 21.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL07609)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK044128, DK-44128, T32DK007529, DK-07529)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- levothyroxine dose adjustment, maternal thyroid function, human chorionic gonadotropin, estradiol
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Drug Administration Schedule, Estradiol, Female, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Humans, Hypothyroidism, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prospective Studies, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
