The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: Pathways of Endocrine Adaptation from Physiology to Pathology

Glinoer, Daniel

doi:10.1210/edrv.18.3.0300

Cited by 1,364Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsThyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: Pathways of Endocrine Adaptation from Physiology to Pathology

Glinoer, Daniel·1997·Endocrine Reviews

DOI 10.1210/edrv.18.3.0300

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Abstract

I. Introduction II. The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Normal Pregnancy A. The thyroid hormone transport proteins B. The thyroid hormones 1. Total thyroid hormones 2. Free thyroid hormones 3. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones C. The serum levels of thyroglobulin (TG) D. The metabolism of iodine E. The hypothalamic-pituitary control of thyroid function and the role of hCG 1. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPTA) 2. Regulation of serum TSH 3. Thyrotropic action of hCG F. A global view of thyroidal economy in pregnancy III. Pathological Alterations of Thyroidal Regulation Associated with Pregnancy A. IDD 1. Consequences of iodine deficiency during pregnancy 2. Assessment of increased thyroidal stimulation 3. Gestational goitrogenesis and its prevention by iodine supplementation 4. Consequences of iodine deficiency for the offspring B. Hypothyroidism and pregnancy 1. Fertility and pregnancy outcome in hypothyroid women 2. Thyroid hormone replacement in the hypothyroid pregnant woman 3. Subclin...

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Serum TSH levels may be below the nonpregnant reference range in the first half of a normal-term pregnancy, especially in gestational weeks 9-13.
“Serum TSH levels may be below the nonpregnant reference range in the first half of a normal-term pregnancy (435,436), and especially so in gestational weeks 9-13, during which a subset of pregnant women may develop a suppressed serum TSH (437-439).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [436]

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Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum
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Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
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The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine
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de Escobar, G. M., Obregón, M.-J., & del Rey, F. E. (2004) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2004.03.012 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental and Neurophysiological Actions of Thyroid Hormone
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Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review
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Urinary Perchlorate and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Adolescent and Adult Men and Women Living in the United States
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Familial Gestational Hyperthyroidism Caused by a Mutant Thyrotropin Receptor Hypersensitive to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions
Ahmed, O. M., El‐Gareib, A. W., El-Bakry, A. M., El-Twab, S. M. A., & Ahmed, R. G. (2007) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.09.011 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Iodine deficiency and brain development in the first half of pregnancy
de Escobar, G. M., Obregón, M.-J., & del Rey, F. E. (2007) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007360928 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
The Na+/I− Symporter (NIS): Mechanism and Medical Impact
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: Neurobehavioral Effects Following Developmental Exposure
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Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage
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Poppe, K. G. (2003) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmg012 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
The role of thyroid autoimmunity in fertility and pregnancy
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Thyroid disease and female reproduction
Poppe, K. G., Velkeniers, B., & Glinoer, D. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02752.x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Flame Retardants and Thyroid Hormone during Pregnancy
Chevrier, J., Harley, K. G., Bradman, A., Gharbi, M., Sjödin, A., & Eskenazi, B. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1001905 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Fetal Loss Associated With Excess Thyroid Hormone Exposure
Anselmo, J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.6.691 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Postpartum Thyroiditis and Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Women of Childbearing Age: Recent Insights and Consequences for Antenatal and Postnatal Care
Muller, A. F., Drexhage, H. A., & Berghout, A. (2001) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.22.5.0441 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
The regulation of thyroid function during normal pregnancy: importance of the iodine nutrition status
Glinoer, D. (2004) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2004.03.001 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
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Thyroid hormone, brain development, and the environment.
Zoeller, T. R., Dowling, A. L. S., Herzig, C. T. A., Iannacone, E. A., Gauger, K. J., & Bansal, R. (2002) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s3355 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Associations between urinary phthalate monoesters and thyroid hormones in pregnant women
Huang, P., Kuo, P., Guo, Y. L., Liao, P., & Lee, C. (2007) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dem205 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Due to a Mutation in the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor
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The Potential Repercussions of Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Hypothyroxinemia on the Progeny
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Hyperthyroidism: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis
Wiersinga, W. M., Poppe, K. G., & Effraimidis, G. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00005-0 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Trimester-Specific Changes in Maternal Thyroid Hormone, Thyrotropin, and Thyroglobulin Concentrations During Gestation: Trends and Associations Across Trimesters in Iodine Sufficiency
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Establishment of reference range for thyroid hormones in normal pregnant Indian women
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The importance of iodine nutrition during pregnancy
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Endocrine remodelling of the adult intestine sustains reproduction in Drosophila
Reiff, T., Jacobson, J., Cognigni, P., Antonello, Z. A., Ballesta‐Illán, E., Tan, K. J., Yew, J. Y., Domínguez, M., & Miguel‐Aliaga, I. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.06930 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Physiological and pathological aspects of the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the thyroid
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Maternal Thyroid Hormone Parameters during Early Pregnancy and Birth Weight: The Generation R Study
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Pathogenesis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss in thyroid autoimmunity
Twig, G., Shina, A., Amital, H., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2012) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.014 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoantibodies during Pregnancy as Predictive Factors of Pregnancy Complications and Maternal Morbidity in Later Life
Männistö, T. I., Vääräsmäki, M., Pouta, A. M., Hartikainen, A., Ruokonen, A., Surcel, H., Bloigu, A. H., Järvelin, M., & Suvanto, E. T. J. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1904 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
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Assessment and treatment of thyroid disorders in pregnancy and the postpartum period
Lee, S. Y., & Pearce, E. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00604-z · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Trends in Incidence Rates of Congenital Hypothyroidism Related to Select Demographic Factors: Data From the United States, California, Massachusetts, New York, and Texas
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The role of iodine in brain development
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Authors: Glinoer, D.
Affiliations: Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
Corresponding author: Glinoer, Daniel
Venue: Endocrine Reviews
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1997-06-01
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 404-433
ISSN: 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
1945-7189
DOI: 10.1210/edrv.18.3.0300
OpenAlex: W1987184305
Cited by: 1,364
References: 260
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 65
FWCI: 3.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: thyroid function in pregnancy, endocrine adaptation, thyroid hormone transport proteins, free thyroid hormones, thyroglobulin, iodine metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, thyroid-stimulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, iodine supplementation, hypothyroidism in pregnancy, thyroid hormone replacement, subclinical hypothyroidism, pregnancy outcomes
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Female, Hormones, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Iodine, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Thyroid Gland

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The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: Pathways of Endocrine Adaptation from Physiology to Pathology

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