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Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in Vascular Disease
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In observational studies, lower homocysteine levels are associated with lower rates of coronary heart disease and stroke. Folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 lower homocysteine levels. We assessed whether supplementation reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with vascular disease. METHODS: We randomly assigned 5522 patients 55 years of age or older who had vascular disease or diabetes to daily treatment either with the combination of 2.5 mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B6, and 1 mg of vitamin B12 or with placebo for an average of five years. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, and stroke. RESULTS: Mean plasma homocysteine levels decreased by 2.4 micromol per liter (0.3 mg per liter) in the active-treatment group and increased by 0.8 micromol per liter (0.1 mg per liter) in the placebo group. Primary outcome events occurred in 519 patients (18.8 percent) assigned to active therapy and 547 (19.8 percent) assigned to placebo (relative risk, 0.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.07; P=0.41). As compared with placebo, active treatment did not significantly decrease the risk of death from cardiovascular causes (relative risk, 0.96; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.13), myocardial infarction (relative risk, 0.98; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.85 to 1.14), or any of the secondary outcomes. Fewer patients assigned to active treatment than to placebo had a stroke (relative risk, 0.75; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.97). More patients in the active-treatment group were hospitalized for unstable angina (relative risk, 1.24; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.49). CONCLUSIONS: Supplements combining folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 did not reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with vascular disease. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00106886; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN14017017.).
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“Among citizens of the United Arab Emirates, however, inbreeding seems to decrease the risk of several cancers, including breast cancer.(4) Because this opposite result is from a distinct ethnic group, the risk differences may arise from different frequencies in different populations of the low-penetrance, tumor-suscep…”
BackgroundMethodGholizadeh, N., & Sheykhbahaei, N. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1906 · Cited by 11
Wu, Y.-H., Chang, J. Y., Lee, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, A., & Chiang, C. (2024) · Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jds.2024.11.014 · Cited by 11
Prospects for a Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Polypill
Dabhadkar, K. C., Kulshreshtha, A., Ali, M. K., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2011) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101214 · Cited by 11
Hu, S., Ren, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, R., Zhao, X., Liu, L., Li, W., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13246-015-0406-x · Cited by 11
Gu, W., Wu, H., Hu, C., Xu, J., Jiang, H., Long, Y., Han, T., Yang, X., Wei, W., & Jiang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.822209 · Cited by 11
“So far, the RCTs have not confirmed that the vitamin B group (especially VB6 and folic acid) could reduce the risk of CVD mortality (27, 28); however, our study has surprisingly found that they could affect CVD mortality via the intake time.”
ResultFocks, J. J., van Schaik, A., Clappers, N., van Dijk, E. G. J. A., van Oijen, M. G. H., Verheugt, F. W. A., & Peters, W. H. M. (2013) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0103 · Cited by 11
“Cardiovascular death was classified according to previously described criteria [22].”
MethodMethods for assessment of folate (Vitamin B9)
Sobczyńska‐Malefora, A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813050-6.00011-5 · Cited by 11
Uzelac, J. J., Djukic, T. I., Radic, T. M., Mutavdžin, S., Stankovic, S. D., Rakočević, J., Labudović‐Borović, M., Milic, N. M., Simic, T. P., Savic-Radojevic, A. R., et al. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-2020-0030 · Cited by 11
Medical Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease
Gornik, H. L., & Creager, M. A. (2013) · Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-2930-6.00019-7 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators
- Affiliations
- Hamilton General Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2006-04-13
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1567-1577
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2109544293
- Cited by
- 1,729
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 104
- FWCI
- 136.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- homocysteine lowering, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vascular disease, cardiovascular events, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular mortality, unstable angina, diabetes mellitus, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Double-Blind Method, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Folic Acid, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk Factors, Vascular Diseases, Vitamin B 12, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Stroke, Vitamin B 6
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