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Apixaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Vitamin K antagonists have been shown to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, many patients are not suitable candidates for or are unwilling to receive vitamin K antagonist therapy, and these patients have a high risk of stroke. Apixaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, may be an alternative treatment for such patients. METHODS: In a double-blind study, we randomly assigned 5599 patients with atrial fibrillation who were at increased risk for stroke and for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable to receive apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) or aspirin (81 to 324 mg per day), to determine whether apixaban was superior. The mean follow up period was 1.1 years. The primary outcome was the occurrence of stroke or systemic embolism. RESULTS: Before enrollment, 40% of the patients had used a vitamin K antagonist. The data and safety monitoring board recommended early termination of the study because of a clear benefit in favor of apixaban. There were 51 primary outcome events (1.6% per year) among patients assigned to apixaban and 113 (3.7% per year) among those assigned to aspirin (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.62; P<0.001). The rates of death were 3.5% per year in the apixaban group and 4.4% per year in the aspirin group (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.02; P=0.07). There were 44 cases of major bleeding (1.4% per year) in the apixaban group and 39 (1.2% per year) in the aspirin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.75; P=0.57); there were 11 cases of intracranial bleeding with apixaban and 13 with aspirin. The risk of a first hospitalization for cardiovascular causes was reduced with apixaban as compared with aspirin (12.6% per year vs. 15.9% per year, P<0.001). The treatment effects were consistent among important subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with atrial fibrillation for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable, apixaban reduced the risk of stroke or systemic embolism without significantly increasing the risk of major bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00496769.).
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“It is superior to no treatment or aspirin in patients with different profiles for stroke risk.”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [354]
In the citing paper
“apixaban significantly reduced stroke or systemic embolism by 55% compared with aspirin, with no significant difference in rates of major bleeding or intracranial haemorrhage.354,403”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [354]
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“Antiplatelet therapy increases bleeding risk, especially dual antiplatelet therapy (2.0% vs. 1.3% with antiplatelet monotherapy; P < 0.001), 433 with bleeding rates that are similar to those on OAC.354,362,431,434”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [354]
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Pharmacology and mechanisms of action of new oral anticoagulants
Salem, J., Sabouret, P. F., Funck‐Brentano, C., & Hulot, J. (2014) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12091 · Cited by 51
Macle, L., Cairns, J. A., Andrade, J. G., Mitchell, L. B., Nattel, S., Verma, A., Verma, A., Macle, L., Andrade, J. G., Atzema, C. L., et al. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.06.005 · Cited by 47
Wolfe, Z., Khan, S. U., Nasir, F., Subramanian, C. R., & Lash, B. W. (2018) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.14131 · Cited by 48
Risk stratification for stroke in atrial fibrillation: a critique
Killu, A. M., Granger, C. B., & Gersh, B. J. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy731 · Cited by 50
Apixaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Owen, A. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1103915 · Cited by 47
Morimoto, T., Crawford, B., Wada, K., & Ueda, S. (2015) · Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.05.018 · Cited by 46
“7 250 17 102 462 669 AVERROES [9] Yes 1.”
BackgroundJover, E., Roldán, V., Gallego, P., Hernández‐Romero, D., Valdés, M., Vicente, V., Lip, G. Y. H., & Marín, F. R. (2012) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2012.02.017 · Cited by 46
Mitchell, S., Simon, T. A., Raza, S. A., Jakouloff, D., Orme, M. E., Lockhart, I., & Drost, P. (2013) · Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis · doi:10.1177/1076029613486539 · Cited by 46
Major Bleeding and Hemorrhagic Stroke With Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Renal Failure
Raccah, B. H., Perlman, A., Danenberg, H. D., Pollak, A., Muszkat, M., & Matok, I. (2016) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.029 · Cited by 47
“The Apixaban vs Acetylsalicylic Acid to Prevent Strokes (AVERROES) study was excluded from the final meta-analyses because it was the only study that used an antiplatelet medication (aspirin), and not VKA, as the comparator.(36) Nine trials were thus included in the final analyses (Fig 1).”
Annoni, G., & Mazzola, P. (2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.03.010 · Cited by 46
Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease
Natale, P., Palmer, S. C., Saglimbene, V. M., Ruospo, M., Razavian, M., Craig, J. C., Jardine, M., Webster, A. C., & Strippoli, G. F. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008834.pub4 · Cited by 45
Prevention of Cardioembolic Stroke
Freeman, W. D., & Aguilar, M. I. (2011) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-011-0048-y · Cited by 45
“It should be noted the results of the Apixaban versus Acetylsalicylic Acid to Prevent Strokes (AVERROES) trial [72] were recently completed, which randomized 5599 patients with AF to either apixiban (5 mg orally, twice a day) or aspirin (81– 325 mg) for stroke prevention, and compared stroke and other embolism as the…”
BackgroundA rapid pro-hemostatic approach to overcome direct oral anticoagulants
Thalji, N. K., Ivanciu, L., Davidson, R., Gimotty, P. A., Krishnaswamy, S., & Camire, R. M. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4149 · Cited by 43
Does aspirin prevent venous thromboembolism?
Diep, R. T., & Garcia, D. A. (2020) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/hematology.2020000150 · Cited by 48
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Review Article: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Risk with Direct Oral Anticoagulants
Benamouzig, R., Guenoun, M., Deutsch, D., & Fauchier, L. (2021) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-021-07211-0 · Cited by 49
Association rate constants rationalise the pharmacodynamics of apixaban and rivaroxaban
Jourdi, G., Siguret, V., Martin, A., Golmard, J., Godiér, A., Samama, C. M., Gaussem, P., Gouin‐Thibault, I., & Bonniec, B. L. (2015) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th14-10-0877 · Cited by 50
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“In the AVERROES trial, patients who were considered unsuitable to receive warfarin due to their bleeding risk were randomized to apixaban versus aspirin; apixaban significantly reduced the risk of stroke or systemic embolism without significantly increasing the major bleeding risk [Connolly et al. 2011].”
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Managing reversal of direct oral anticoagulants in emergency situations
Buller, H. R., Falanga, A., Hacke, W., Hendriks, J., Lobban, T., Merino, J. L., Milojević, I., Moya, F., van der Worp, H. B., Randall, G., et al. (2016) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th16-05-0363 · Cited by 43
Novel Oral Anticoagulants and Their Role in Clinical Practice
Wittkowsky, A. K. (2011) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.31.12.1175 · Cited by 42
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Evidence Gaps in the Era of Non–Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants
Aronis, K. N., & Hylek, E. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007338 · Cited by 45
Verheugt, F. W. A., Gao, H., Almahmeed, W. A., Ambrosio, G., Angchaisuksiri, P., Atar, D., Bassand, J., Camm, A. J., Cools, F. J. S., Eikelboom, J. W., et al. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx730 · Cited by 43
Clinical and Economic Implications of AF Related Stroke.
Ali, A., & Abdelhafiz, A. H. (2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.4022/jafib.1279 · Cited by 43
Microbleeds and the Effect of Anticoagulation in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Shoamanesh, A., Hart, R. G., Connolly, S. J., Kasner, S. E., Smith, E. E., Martí‐Fábregas, J., Liu, Y., Uchiyama, S., Mikulík, R., Veltkamp, R. C., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3836 · Cited by 43
Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of warfarin in the United Kingdom and Sweden
Verhoef, T. I., Redekop, K., Langenskiöld, S., Kamali, F., Wadelius, M., Burnside, G., der Zee, A. H. M., Hughes, D. A., & Pirmohamed, M. (2016) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2016.41 · Cited by 42
Meta-analysis on risk of bleeding with apixaban in patients with renal impairment
Pathak, R., Pandit, A., Karmacharya, P., Aryal, M. R., Ghimire, S., Poudel, D. R., & Shamoun, F. E. (2015) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.10.042 · Cited by 41
New anticoagulants – promising and failed developments
Harenberg, J., Marx, S., Krejczy, M., & Wehling, M. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01578.x · Cited by 41
“…prevention of cerebral and non-cerebral embolism in 5600 patients with atrial fibrillation in whom VKAs were not indicated according to the case history or the decision of the patient or the treating physician [apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation (AVERROES) study, Connolly et al., 2011].”
BackgroundNew anticoagulant treatments to protect against stroke in atrial fibrillation
Potpara, T., Lip, G. Y. H., & Apostolakis, S. Z. (2012) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-301841 · Cited by 41
Direct Oral Anticoagulants—Pharmacology, Drug Interactions, and Side Effects
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Cheng, J. W. M., & Barillari, G. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12122 · Cited by 41
“Compared with ASA, fewer patients treated with apixaban had a serious adverse event (P < 0 001), primarily because of fewer nervous system disorders.(65)”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Connolly, S. J., Eikelboom, J., Joyner, C., Diener, H.-C., Hart, R., Golitsyn, S., Flaker, G., Avezum, A., Hohnloser, S. H., Diaz, R., Talajic, M., Zhu, J., Pais, P., Budaj, A., Parkhomenko, A., Jansky, P., Commerford, P., Tan, R. S., Sim, K.-H., Lewis, B. S., Van Mieghem, W., Lip, G. Y. H., Kim, J. H., Lanas-Zanetti, F., Gonzalez-Hermosillo, A., Dans, A. L., Munawar, M., O'Donnell, M., Lawrence, J., Lewis, G., Afzal, R., & Yusuf, S.
- Affiliations
- Population Health Research Institute (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2011-03-03
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 806-817
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2149388786
- Cited by
- 2,483
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 172 · 2016: 215 · 2015: 239 · 2014: 249 · 2013: 310 · 2012: 303
- FWCI
- 223.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- Omeka S (Universidad de La Frontera) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Hamilton Health Sciences
- McMaster University
- Astellas Pharma
- Servier
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
- St. Jude Medical
- Bayer Vital
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Keywords
- apixaban, atrial fibrillation, factor Xa inhibitors, aspirin, stroke prevention, systemic embolism, vitamin K antagonists, major bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, cardiovascular hospitalization, oral anticoagulation, early trial termination, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular risk stratification, subgroup analysis, bleeding risk stratification
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aspirin, Atrial Fibrillation, Double-Blind Method, Embolism, Female, Fibrinolytic Agents, Hemorrhage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pyrazoles, Pyridones, Risk Factors, Proportional Hazards Models, Stroke, Factor Xa Inhibitors
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