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Apixaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Vitamin K antagonists have been shown to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, many patients are not suitable candidates for or are unwilling to receive vitamin K antagonist therapy, and these patients have a high risk of stroke. Apixaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, may be an alternative treatment for such patients. METHODS: In a double-blind study, we randomly assigned 5599 patients with atrial fibrillation who were at increased risk for stroke and for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable to receive apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) or aspirin (81 to 324 mg per day), to determine whether apixaban was superior. The mean follow up period was 1.1 years. The primary outcome was the occurrence of stroke or systemic embolism. RESULTS: Before enrollment, 40% of the patients had used a vitamin K antagonist. The data and safety monitoring board recommended early termination of the study because of a clear benefit in favor of apixaban. There were 51 primary outcome events (1.6% per year) among patients assigned to apixaban and 113 (3.7% per year) among those assigned to aspirin (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.62; P<0.001). The rates of death were 3.5% per year in the apixaban group and 4.4% per year in the aspirin group (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.02; P=0.07). There were 44 cases of major bleeding (1.4% per year) in the apixaban group and 39 (1.2% per year) in the aspirin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.75; P=0.57); there were 11 cases of intracranial bleeding with apixaban and 13 with aspirin. The risk of a first hospitalization for cardiovascular causes was reduced with apixaban as compared with aspirin (12.6% per year vs. 15.9% per year, P<0.001). The treatment effects were consistent among important subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with atrial fibrillation for whom vitamin K antagonist therapy was unsuitable, apixaban reduced the risk of stroke or systemic embolism without significantly increasing the risk of major bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00496769.).
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“It is superior to no treatment or aspirin in patients with different profiles for stroke risk.”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [354]
In the citing paper
“apixaban significantly reduced stroke or systemic embolism by 55% compared with aspirin, with no significant difference in rates of major bleeding or intracranial haemorrhage.354,403”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [354]
In the citing paper
“Antiplatelet therapy increases bleeding risk, especially dual antiplatelet therapy (2.0% vs. 1.3% with antiplatelet monotherapy; P < 0.001), 433 with bleeding rates that are similar to those on OAC.354,362,431,434”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [354]
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Spence, J. D., Azarpazhooh, M. R., Larsson, S. C., Bogiatzi, C., & Hankey, G. J. (2020) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.031707 · Cited by 43
Optimizing the Use of Anticoagulants (Heparins and Oral Anticoagulants) in the Elderly
Siguret, V., Gouin‐Thibault, I., Gaussem, P., & Pautas, É. (2013) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-013-0101-0 · Cited by 21
“an exclusion criterion of most randomized clinical trials evaluating NOA in AF, and CG CrCl was used for dose adjustment of dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban in elderly patients with impaired renal function [15–18].”
MethodNuevos anticoagulantes orales y su papel en la práctica clínica
Mateo, J. (2013) · Revista Española de Cardiología Suplementos · doi:10.1016/s1131-3587(13)70057-8 · Cited by 22
Antithrombotic Management of Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly
Edholm, K., Ragle, N., & Rondina, M. T. (2015) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.012 · Cited by 21
The Tasmanian atrial fibrillation study: Transition to direct oral anticoagulants 2011‐2015
Alamneh, E. A., Chalmers, L., & Bereznicki, L. (2017) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/1755-5922.12254 · Cited by 21
Korsholm, K., Valentin, J. B., Damgaard, D., Diener, H., Camm, A. J., Landmesser, U., Hildick‐Smith, D., Johnsen, S. P., & Nielsen‐Kudsk, J. E. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.06.065 · Cited by 21
Cannon, C. P., Kim, J. M., Lee, J., Sutherland, J., Bachireddy, R., Valentine, C. M., Hearne, S. E., Trebnick, A., Jaffer, S., Datta, S., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9638 · Cited by 21
Novel Oral Anticoagulants: A Review of New Agents
Wanat, M. A. (2013) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2683 · Cited by 21
Resuming anticoagulant therapy after intracerebral bleeding
Becattini, C., Sembolini, A., & Paciaroni, M. (2016) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2016.05.012 · Cited by 22
Atrial Fibrillation and Microbleeds
Selim, M. H., & Diener, H. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.017085 · Cited by 22
Kim, Y. G., Shim, J., Oh, S., Park, H., Lee, K., Hwang, S. H., Choi, J., & Kim, Y. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26212-y · Cited by 21
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
Mtwesi, V., & Amit, G. (2019) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2019.05.006 · Cited by 21
Neurofilament Light Chain and Risk of Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Aulin, J., Sjölin, K., Lindbäck, J., Benz, A. P., Eikelboom, J. W., Hijazi, Z., Kultima, K., Oldgren, J., Wallentin, L. C., Burman, J., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.124.069440 · Cited by 20
Novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a focus on the older patient
Yates, S. W. (2013) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s39379 · Cited by 20
Rasmussen, L., Larsen, T. B., Blann, A. D., Skjøth, F., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2015) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th15-05-0383 · Cited by 20
Escobar, C., Borràs, X., Freire, R. B., González‐Juanatey, C., Morillas, M., Muñoz, A. V., & Gómez‐Doblas, J. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231565 · Cited by 19
New horizons: managing antithrombotic dilemmas in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Kelly, J. (2021) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa275 · Cited by 20
Zappulla, P., & Calvi, V. I. (2021) · TH Open · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1730035 · Cited by 21
Schnabel, R. B., Ameri, P., Siller-Matula, J. M., Diemberger, I., Gwechenberger, M., Pecen, L., Manu, M. C., de Souza, J. A. G., Caterina, R. D., & Kirchhof, P. F. (2023) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euad280 · Cited by 20
Atrial fibrillation, stroke, and quality of life
Chinitz, J. S., Castellano, J. M., Kovacic, J. C., & Fuster, V. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06494.x · Cited by 20
Health technology assessment and its role in the future development of the Indian healthcare sector
Hass, B., Pooley, J., Feuring, M., Suvarna, V. R., & Harrington, A. (2012) · Perspectives in Clinical Research · doi:10.4103/2229-3485.96449 · Cited by 20
“New orally administered agents such as dabigatran etexilate (dabigatran), rivaroxaban, and apixaban have recently demonstrated their safety and efficacy in these patients and are currently being considered as replacements for warfarin.[18-20]”
BackgroundGonzález-Quesada, C. J., & Giugliano, R. P. (2014) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-013-0062-z · Cited by 20
“annualized) in the rivaroxaban group of the ROCKET-AF trial [38, 52] (Table 4).”
BackgroundEdoxaban: Pharmacological principles, Preclinical and early-phase Clinical Testing
Partida, R. A., & Giugliano, R. P. (2011) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/fca.11.28 · Cited by 21
“Apixaban is also being studied for use in stroke prevention in AF [40], and preliminary results of a Phase III trial (AVERROES study) comparing apixaban to aspirin in patients unsuitable for VKA therapy was stopped prematurely as ongoing ana lysis showed superiority to aspirin in preventing stroke and systemic embolic…”
ResultCan We Predict Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation?
Desai, N. R., & Giugliano, R. P. (2012) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.20989 · Cited by 20
Bauersachs, R. M. (2014) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2014.05.017 · Cited by 20
“It should be noted that the average age of patients included in the phase III VTE studies of these agents may be lower than in routine clinical practice and were lower than, for example, the mean age of patients included in the respective atrial fibrillation studies [8,48–51,53,58–63].”
ResultManagement of cardiovascular disease in haemophilia
Cayla, G., Morange, P., Chambost, H., & Schved, J. (2013) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2013.05.007 · Cited by 20
“Compared with vitamin K antagonists, some of these agents seem to reduce major bleeding complications, specially intracerebral bleeding complications [44–47].”
BackgroundMorais, J., & Caterina, R. D. (2016) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-015-6632-3 · Cited by 20
“Large phase III trials for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular AF have been completed for dabigatran (RE-LY [21]), rivaroxaban (ROCKET AF [22]), apixaban (ARISTOTLE [23] and AVERROES [24]), and edoxaban (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 [25]) (Table 3).”
BackgroundPinyol, C., Cepeda, J. M., Roldán, I., Roldán, V., Jimenez, S., González, P., & Soto, J. (2016) · Cardiology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40119-016-0066-2 · Cited by 20
“Apixaban demonstrated its superior efficacy and safety versus warfarin (gold standard) in preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in the ARISTOTLE study [1] and versus aspirin in the AVERROES study [2] (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00412984 and NCT00496769, respectively).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCalderone, A., Stevens, W., Prior, D., Nandurkar, H. H., Gabbay, E., Proudman, S., Williams, T. J., Celermajer, D. S., Sahhar, J., Wong, P. K. K., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011028 · Cited by 20
Patti, G., Cavallari, I., Hanon, O., & Caterina, R. D. (2018) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.066 · Cited by 20
Non-vitamin-K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for the prevention of secondary stroke
Diener, H., Ntaios, G., O'Donnell, M. J., & Easton, J. D. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1515913 · Cited by 20
“LY, and ROCKET-AF) [3–6], whereas the AVERROES trial studied AF patients not suitable for treatment with warfarin and compared apixaban with aspirin [7].”
Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
Diener, H., Weber, R., Lip, G. Y. H., & Hohnloser, S. H. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32834e604a · Cited by 20
Huppertz, A., Grond‐Ginsbach, C., Dumschat, C., Foerster, K. I., Burhenne, J., Weiß, J., Czock, D., Purrucker, J. C., Rizos, T., & Haefeli, W. E. (2019) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-019-0331-9 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Connolly, S. J., Eikelboom, J., Joyner, C., Diener, H.-C., Hart, R., Golitsyn, S., Flaker, G., Avezum, A., Hohnloser, S. H., Diaz, R., Talajic, M., Zhu, J., Pais, P., Budaj, A., Parkhomenko, A., Jansky, P., Commerford, P., Tan, R. S., Sim, K.-H., Lewis, B. S., Van Mieghem, W., Lip, G. Y. H., Kim, J. H., Lanas-Zanetti, F., Gonzalez-Hermosillo, A., Dans, A. L., Munawar, M., O'Donnell, M., Lawrence, J., Lewis, G., Afzal, R., & Yusuf, S.
- Affiliations
- Population Health Research Institute (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2011-03-03
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 806-817
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2149388786
- Cited by
- 2,483
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 172 · 2016: 215 · 2015: 239 · 2014: 249 · 2013: 310 · 2012: 303
- FWCI
- 223.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- Omeka S (Universidad de La Frontera) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Hamilton Health Sciences
- McMaster University
- Astellas Pharma
- Servier
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
- St. Jude Medical
- Bayer Vital
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Keywords
- apixaban, atrial fibrillation, factor Xa inhibitors, aspirin, stroke prevention, systemic embolism, vitamin K antagonists, major bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, cardiovascular hospitalization, oral anticoagulation, early trial termination, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular risk stratification, subgroup analysis, bleeding risk stratification
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aspirin, Atrial Fibrillation, Double-Blind Method, Embolism, Female, Fibrinolytic Agents, Hemorrhage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pyrazoles, Pyridones, Risk Factors, Proportional Hazards Models, Stroke, Factor Xa Inhibitors
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