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Lenalidomide plus Dexamethasone for High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: For patients with smoldering multiple myeloma, the standard of care is observation until symptoms develop. However, this approach does not identify high-risk patients who may benefit from early intervention. METHODS: In this randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 119 patients with high-risk smoldering myeloma to treatment or observation. Patients in the treatment group received an induction regimen (lenalidomide at a dose of 25 mg per day on days 1 to 21, plus dexamethasone at a dose of 20 mg per day on days 1 to 4 and days 12 to 15, at 4-week intervals for nine cycles), followed by a maintenance regimen (lenalidomide at a dose of 10 mg per day on days 1 to 21 of each 28-day cycle for 2 years). The primary end point was time to progression to symptomatic disease. Secondary end points were response rate, overall survival, and safety. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 40 months, the median time to progression was significantly longer in the treatment group than in the observation group (median not reached vs. 21 months; hazard ratio for progression, 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09 to 0.32; P<0.001). The 3-year survival rate was also higher in the treatment group (94% vs. 80%; hazard ratio for death, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.91; P=0.03). A partial response or better was achieved in 79% of patients in the treatment group after the induction phase and in 90% during the maintenance phase. Toxic effects were mainly grade 2 or lower. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment for patients with high-risk smoldering myeloma delays progression to active disease and increases overall survival. (Funded by Celgene; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00480363.).
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“Early therapy with lenalidomide and dexamethasone or single-agent lenalidomide is beneficial in patients with high risk smoldering multiple myeloma, and is discussed separately.104,105”
From Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management (2024) · cites this paper as [104]
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“A randomized trial conducted in Spain found that patients with high risk SMM had significant prolongation of PFS and OS with Rd compared with observation.104,197”
From Multiple myeloma: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management (2024) · cites this paper as [104]
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“Several trials have reported the advantages and risks of early intervention in high risk SMM.105-112”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [106]
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Zanwar, S., Kumar, S. K., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2026) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-026-01119-0 · Cited by 6
Mortality Prediction in Patients Admitted in Surgical Intensive Care Unit by Using APACHE IV.
Wetr, W. W., Shoukat, H., Muhammad, Y., Gondal, K. M., & Aslam, I. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Timing treatment for smoldering myeloma: is earlier better?
Hernández‐Rivas, J., Martínez‐López, J., & Lahuerta, J. J. (2019) · Expert Review of Hematology · doi:10.1080/17474086.2019.1599281 · Cited by 5
Self-citation[Bone and tooth in calcium and phosphate metabolism].
Tamamura, Y., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 5
[Epidemiology and pathophysiology of post-pregnancy osteoporosis.]
Kurabayashi, T., & Morikawa, K. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 5
V. Smoldering multiple myeloma
Mateos, M., & Miguel, J. F. S. (2015) · Hematological Oncology · doi:10.1002/hon.2213 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPrognostic indicators of lenalidomide for multiple myeloma: consensus and controversy
Kuroda, J., Kobayashi, T., & Taniwaki, M. (2015) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1586/14737140.2015.1044249 · Cited by 5
“In the eventuality that LEN is found to be the ideal option as the first-line therapeutic, the concept of its use for smoldering MM, which is an upcoming focus of MM therapy, will be reinforced [122].”
BackgroundGao, M., Yang, G., Tompkins, V. S., Gao, L., Wu, X., Yi, T., Hu, X., Hou, J., Han, Y., Xu, H., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109758 · Cited by 5
“Only the Mateos trial [21], among all trials included here, showed that mortality was significantly lower in the early treatment arm compared to that of the deferred treatment arm (7% versus 21%; OR = 0.”
ResultThe Road to Treating Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
Korde, N., Mailankody, S., & Landgren, O. (2014) · Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma & Leukemia · doi:10.1016/j.clml.2014.04.012 · Cited by 5
“Finally, Mateos and colleagues reported best responses in the treatment group completing induction and receiving maintenance therapy (n 1⁄4 50; median of 15 cycles): 6 (12%) stringent complete response (CR), 13 (26%) CR, and 9 (18%) very good PR.(11) The fundamental questionbecomes: “Is this good enough in an era inwh…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGao, M., Yang, G., Kong, Y., Wu, X., & Shi, J. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/623254 · Cited by 5
Smoldering multiple myeloma: present position and potential promises
Tageja, N., Manasanch, E. E., Korde, N., Kwok, M., Mailankody, S., Bhutani, M., Roschewski, M. J., & Landgren, O. (2013) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/ejh.12205 · Cited by 5
“(2007-Ongoing) (72) Open-label, randomized,”
BackgroundControversies in multiple myeloma: Evidence-based update
Ahn, I. E., & Mailankody, S. (2016) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2016.10.006 · Cited by 5
Management of multiple myeloma in resource-constrained settings
Kumar, L., & Sahoo, R. K. (2016) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2016.11.012 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Mateos, M.-V., Hernández, M.-T., Giraldo, P., de la Rubia, J., de Arriba, F., Corral, L. L., Rosiñol, L., Paiva, B., Palomera, L., Bargay, J., Oriol, A., Prosper, F., López, J., Olavarría, E., Quintana, N., García, J.-L., Bladé, J., Lahuerta, J.-J., & San Miguel, J.-F.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Universidad de Salamanca (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 438-447
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2144930991
- Semantic Scholar
- 26670ff667b1b637856dff4325d13f38e1b7d641
- Cited by
- 1,171
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 195 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 26
- FWCI
- 54.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hispana (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Gredos (University of Salamanca) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Keywords
- smoldering multiple myeloma, lenalidomide, dexamethasone, early treatment, time to progression, overall survival, maintenance therapy, induction therapy, high-risk myeloma
- MeSH terms
- Lenalidomide, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Dexamethasone, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Myeloma, Risk, Thalidomide, Survival Rate, Disease Progression, Induction Chemotherapy
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