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A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic disease with serious health consequences, but weight loss is difficult to maintain through lifestyle intervention alone. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, has been shown to have potential benefit for weight management at a once-daily dose of 3.0 mg, injected subcutaneously. METHODS: We conducted a 56-week, double-blind trial involving 3731 patients who did not have type 2 diabetes and who had a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 30 or a BMI of at least 27 if they had treated or untreated dyslipidemia or hypertension. We randomly assigned patients in a 2:1 ratio to receive once-daily subcutaneous injections of liraglutide at a dose of 3.0 mg (2487 patients) or placebo (1244 patients); both groups received counseling on lifestyle modification. The coprimary end points were the change in body weight and the proportions of patients losing at least 5% and more than 10% of their initial body weight. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean (±SD) age of the patients was 45.1±12.0 years, the mean weight was 106.2±21.4 kg, and the mean BMI was 38.3±6.4; a total of 78.5% of the patients were women and 61.2% had prediabetes. At week 56, patients in the liraglutide group had lost a mean of 8.4±7.3 kg of body weight, and those in the placebo group had lost a mean of 2.8±6.5 kg (a difference of -5.6 kg; 95% confidence interval, -6.0 to -5.1; P<0.001, with last-observation-carried-forward imputation). A total of 63.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group as compared with 27.1% in the placebo group lost at least 5% of their body weight (P<0.001), and 33.1% and 10.6%, respectively, lost more than 10% of their body weight (P<0.001). The most frequently reported adverse events with liraglutide were mild or moderate nausea and diarrhea. Serious events occurred in 6.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group and in 5.0% of the patients in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, 3.0 mg of liraglutide, as an adjunct to diet and exercise, was associated with reduced body weight and improved metabolic control. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01272219.).
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“These real‐world pancreatitis rates of approximately 4 to 8 per 1000 person‐years with GLP‐1RA are several fold higher than in the major weight loss RCTs of liraglutide RCT. 17 , 18 , 19 , 26”
From Real‐world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP ‐ 1RA ‐based weight‐loss therapies (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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In the citing paper
“Previous large randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that a 3 mg dose of liraglutide can result in an average weight loss of 5.6 kg over nearly one year in overweight or obese individuals without diabetes [71].”
From New Developments in Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes—Beyond and within GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Liraglutide, the first incretin therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for obesity management in patients without diabetes, induced and maintained a modest 8% decrease in body weight over a period of 56 weeks (41).”
From The Benefits of Exercise Training in Combination With Weight Loss Therapies (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“liraglutide, the first GLP- 1 RA approved for chronic weight management (in 2014) was shown in the SCALE Phase 3 trial to produce mean weight reduction from baseline to week 56, of − 8.0% with liraglutide 3.0 mg versus − 2.8% with placebo (last-observation-carried-forward imputation—LOCF) [3].”
From New drugs for the treatment of obesity: do we need approaches to preserve muscle mass? (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is common in obesity pharmacotherapy trials that more people in the placebo group are lost to follow-up than in the active treatment group.8,10,35”
From Healthy weight loss maintenance with exercise, GLP-1 receptor agonist, or both combined followed by one year without treatment: a post-treatment analysis of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
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In the citing paper
“Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) have emerged as key agents for weight management, based on their marked efficacy as observed in randomized controlled trials.”
From Real‐world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP ‐ 1RA ‐based weight‐loss therapies (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, in both RCTs and in adverse event reporting databases, mild to moderate gastrointestinal disturbances have been frequent, primarily nausea, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal reflux, bloating, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation, 21 , 85 occurring in approximately 80% of GLP‐1RA treated patients across all major weight loss RCTs. 17 , 19 , 25 , 74”
From Real‐world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP ‐ 1RA ‐based weight‐loss therapies (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are a class of medications that were originally approved for diabetes treatment with the notable side effect of pronounced weight loss.23–25”
From The Effect of Semaglutide and GLP-1 RAs on Risk of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Among approved agents, liraglutide 3.0 mg daily has demonstrated modest weight reduction (~ 6%) while maintaining lean mass when paired with adequate protein intake and physical activity [74].”
From Precision obesity medicine: A phenotype-guided framework for pharmacologic therapy across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Generally, weight reduction is more rapid during the first 6 months and slows thereafter, with relative plateauing at 18 months [13, 14, 15].”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“GLP‐1s reduce body weight by 5% to 18% in trials, with modestly lower effects in real‐world analyses, and multiple demonstrated clinical benefits.”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although limited direct evidence has evaluated use of GLP‐1s with or without RDN‐provided MNT, the SCALE [13], STEP 1 [14], SURMOUNT [15], and STEP 3 [178] trials each demonstrated substantial weight reduction by combining GLP‐1s with regular counseling sessions by RDNs or other qualified healthcare professionals”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Despite the large weight losses with obesity medications, long-term adherence in a real-world setting is challenging since the medications are expensive and gastrointestinal adverse events are common.8,10,11”
From Healthy weight loss maintenance with exercise, GLP-1 receptor agonist, or both combined followed by one year without treatment: a post-treatment analysis of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In an RCT of 3731 individuals with obesity, compared with placebo, liraglutide achieved a mean weight loss of 8.0% at 56 weeks (difference, 5.4%; 95% CI, 5.8%-5.0%).85”
From Obesity Management in Adults: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [85]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Initially the gallbladder events were attributed to GLP-1RA-induced weight loss, as for example in the SCALE and LEADER trials, the patients with gallbladder events had more than average weight loss”
From Safety of Semaglutide (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Liraglutide (S/C) [3 mg OD for 30 days] Treatment À8.0% (À8.4 kg) vs. placebo À2.8% (À2.8 kg) [after 3 mg OD for 56 weeks] [25]”
From Estimated minimum prices and lowest available national prices for antiobesity medications: Improving affordability and access to treatment (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Satiety and Clinical Adiposity Liraglutide Evidence (SCALE) Obesity and Prediabetes randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 3.0 mg of once daily liraglutide achieved a mean 8.4 kg weight loss in patients with obesity without T2DM [7].”
From The Road towards Triple Agonists: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon Receptor - An Update. (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The safety profile observed was consistent with findings from other incretin-based therapies, particularly similar to the safety profile of GLP-1RA like liraglutide and semaglutide used for obesity treatment [27, 42].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Multiple GLP-1 medicines, including exenatide (15), liraglutide (16), semaglutide (17, 18), and tirzepatide (19), reduce plasma CRP levels in people living with T2D and/or obesity.”
From Antiinflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide-1–based therapies beyond metabolic benefits (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is used in the treatment of obesity because it induces weight loss 21-23 and maintains low-calorie diet-induced weight loss for at least 1 year, 11,24 primarily by means of appetite inhibition. 25”
From Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The three GLP‐1RA‐based agents currently approved for weight loss have all shown clear efficacy in promoting weight loss in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 17 , 18 , 19 that is, in settings with good medication adherence among participants and a follow‐up of typically one to two years. 15”
From Real‐world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP ‐ 1RA ‐based weight‐loss therapies (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“~8% weight loss in SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes [12, 74].”
From Precision obesity medicine: A phenotype-guided framework for pharmacologic therapy across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [74]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The health benefits seen with continued treatment with the maximum tolerated dose of tirzepatide during this study were achieved with a safety profile consistent with that previously reported in SURMOUNT and SURPASS trials and in studies of incretin-based therapies approved for the treatment of obesity and overweight.18,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32”
From Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The health benefits seen with continued treatment with the maximum tolerated dose of tirzepatide during this study were achieved with a safety profile consistent with that previously reported in SURMOUNT and SURPASS trials and in studies of incretin-based therapies approved for the treatment of obesity and overweight.18,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32”
From Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the SCALE-trial, high-dose liraglutide for the treatment of obesity was associated with an increased risk of gallbladder events compared to placebo (2.5% versus 1.0% of patients, respectively)”
From Safety of Semaglutide (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Regarding the subcutaneous treatments, the EMP for semaglutide was similar to liraglutide, whereas semaglutide has been shown to be more than twice as effective, with a PSWL of À12.7 kg versus À5.6 kg respectively, although this was after a longer treatment course of 68 weeks [10,24,25].”
From Estimated minimum prices and lowest available national prices for antiobesity medications: Improving affordability and access to treatment (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Average total weight loss 8.0% +/-6.7 (SD) at 56 weeks 40”
From Effectiveness and safety of drugs for obesity (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Naltrexone/bupropion-ER produced placebo-subtracted weight loss of ~4–5% in persons without T2D750–752”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [750]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“after 12 weeks of peptide administration in a mouse model of obesity and MASLD, a reduction in body weight by ~25% was apparent, concomitant with an amelioration of hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis100.”
From Transforming obesity: The advancement of multi-receptor drugs (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“ALT-801, previously known as SP-1373, is a potent, once weekly balanced co-agonist for GLP-1R and GCGR.”
From Transforming obesity: The advancement of multi-receptor drugs (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In the case of some incretin therapies, such as semaglutide, additional benefits have also been demonstrated for obesityrelated chronic diseases, including reductions in cardiovascular mortality and slowing the progression of diabetic kidney disease (41).”
From The Benefits of Exercise Training in Combination With Weight Loss Therapies (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Liraglutide 3.0 mg subcutaneously once daily | Overall mean = 8%≥5% = 63%≥10% = 33%≥15% = 14%”
From Anti-Obesity Medications and Investigational Agents: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022 (2022) · cites this paper as [103]
In the citing paper
“Pi-Sunyer (92) et al. enrolled 3731 patients without T2DM (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 or 30 kg/m2) and gave LIR 3mg daily subcutaneous injection. After 56 weeks of treatment, the average weight loss of the patients was 8.40 ± 7.3 kg, and the most common adverse reactions were mild or moderate nausea and diarrhea.”
From GLP−1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity: Role as a promising approach (2023) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“After a year of treatment at the daily dosage of 3 mg, it was able to reduce body weight by 8.4 kg [33].”
From GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“In addition to lifestyle changes, GLP-1 RAs have been shown to lower body weight in a range of 2–7 kg through early satiety and reduction in appetite, thus lowering caloric intake [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50].”
From GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Several randomised clinical trials have shown that this dose of liraglutide is associated with reductions in body weight of about 5 kg over periods of 6-12 months in individuals without or with T2DM [15].”
From Recent advances in peptide-based therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“The proportion of subjects who lost ≥ 5% of baseline body weight was 50.5–73% [10–14, 19].”
From Efficacy of GLP-1 RA Approved for Weight Management in Patients With or Without Diabetes: A Narrative Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Both critera were met in phase 2 study [14], SCALE Obesity and Predabetes [10] and SCALE Maintenance [11] trials.”
From Efficacy of GLP-1 RA Approved for Weight Management in Patients With or Without Diabetes: A Narrative Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Liraglutide resulted in 3.4 to 6.1% difference in mean weight loss compared to placebo [10–14, 19].”
From Efficacy of GLP-1 RA Approved for Weight Management in Patients With or Without Diabetes: A Narrative Review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide have demonstrated substantial and clinically meaningful WL in adults with obesity across multiple RCTs.”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“In the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial, liraglutide 3.0 mg daily combined with lifestyle intervention resulted in a mean WL of 8.4 ± 7.3 kg over 56 weeks, significantly greater than placebo (2.8 ± 6.5 kg) [18].”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Naltrexone plus bupropion extended-release reduces weight on average by ≈7% (≈5% placebo-subtracted) [51][52][53][54] and also more than either agent administered alone.55”
From Approach to Obesity Treatment in Primary Care: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“a 56-week intervention with liraglutide 3 mg/day as an adjunct to lifestyle modification resulted in significant weight loss compared with placebo [41, 42].”
From GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review on the Risk of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity (2026) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Generally, weight reduction is more rapid during the first 6 months and slows thereafter, with relative plateauing at 18 months [13,15,16].”
In the citing paper
“the SCALE [13], STEP 1 [14], SURMOUNT [15], and STEP 3 [169] trials each demonstrated substantial weight reduction by combining GLP-1s with regular counseling sessions by RDNs or other qualified healthcare professionals”
In the citing paper
“At 56 weeks, patients on liraglutide 3.0 mg lost on average 6.1–8.0% of BW vs. 0.2–4.0% on placebo15–17”
From Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of obesity-related diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“treatment with liraglutide 3.0 mg reduced the proportion of patients with prediabetes compared to placebo at 56 weeks regardless of baseline glycemic status (7.2 vs. 20.7% and 30.8 vs. 67.3% in patients with normoglycemia and prediabetes)17”
From Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of obesity-related diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In the SCALE obesity and prediabetes study, in patients with obesity without T2D, patients on liraglutide (3.0 mg, daily subcutaneous injection) lost 8.0% of their total body weight versus 2.6% in the placebo group after 56 weeks of treatment [29].”
In the citing paper
“The magnitude of weight loss observed with GLP1-RA in this real-life patient population is consistent with findings from the SCALE, SUSTAIN, and STEP clinical trials, which are based on patients without bariatric surgery.”
In the citing paper
“The current study includes patients with T2D that have been shown to lose less weight with GLP1-RA therapy [29, 30, 32, 33]”
In the citing paper
“previous studies have shown that GLP1-RAs tend to induce less weight loss in patients with than without T2D [29, 30, 32, 33]”
In the citing paper
“The same liraglutide regimen in the phase 3 SCALE program in people living with obesity but without T2D, demonstrated a body weight reduction versus placebo ranging from 3.5% to 6.0%, 102-106”
From Management of type 2 diabetes, obesity, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with high‐dose GLP‐1 receptor agonists and GLP‐1 receptor‐based co‐agonists (2024) · cites this paper as [104]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of the injectable GLP-1 RAs semaglutide and liraglutide in inducing WL and weight maintenance through appetite reduction has led to clinical trials assessing higher doses of these molecules as treatments for obesity and both semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly and liraglutide 3 mg once daily have now received approval for chronic weight management [17,18].”
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of the injectable GLP-1 RAs semaglutide and liraglutide in inducing WL and weight maintenance through appetite reduction has led to clinical trials assessing higher doses of these molecules as treatments for obesity and both semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly and liraglutide 3 mg once daily have now received approval for chronic weight management [17,18].”
In the citing paper
“In the original phase 3 randomized trials for obesity, average weight reduction compared to placebo has ranged from 5.3% to 17.8% after 56 to 72 wk (Table 1), with improvements in several obesity-related risks and complications [[13], [14], [15]].”
In the citing paper
“Although limited direct evidence has evaluated use of GLP-1s with or without RDN-provided MNT, the SCALE [13], STEP 1 [14], SURMOUNT [15], and STEP 3 [178] trials each demonstrated substantial weight reduction by combining GLP-1s with regular counseling sessions by RDNs or other qualified healthcare professionals (such lifestyle support was also provided to the placebo group in each trial).”
In the citing paper
“Intention-to-treat 1-year placebo-subtracted weight reduction was 5.2%, 4%, 3.4%, and 6.1% for SCALE, SCALE Diabetes, SCALE IBT, and SCALE Maintenance, respectively.”
From New Frontiers in Obesity Treatment: GLP-1 and Nascent Nutrient-Stimulated Hormone-Based Therapeutics (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Gastrointestinal serious AEs (SAEs) were reported in nine publications [12,36,52,81,85,89,94,98,103] including the SCALE (liraglutide), STEP (semaglutide), and SURMOUNT (tirzepatide) clinical studies.”
From Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“In the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes study, no patients reported GI SAEs [81].”
From Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis were reported in two publications as SAEs, affecting 0.2-1.4% of patients treated with liraglutide [67,81].”
From Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“In a study by Pi-Sunyer et al., 2015, pancreatitis was reported as an SAE by four (0.2%) patients treated with liraglutide compared with zero in the placebo group [81].”
From Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“The proportion of patients experiencing nausea then gradually decreased up to the end of the trial period [42,67,81,95].”
From Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“In the SCALE clinical studies (liraglutide), most AEs were mild or moderate in severity, and occurred primarily within the first four to eight weeks of treatment (during dose escalation).”
From Symptomatic Adverse Events and Quality of Life Related to Incretin-Based Medicines for Obesity: A Systematic Review Involving >400,000 Subjects (2025) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“liraglutide 3.0 mg typically results in 5–7% weight loss [14]”
From Unintended Consequences of Obesity Pharmacotherapy: A Nutritional Approach to Ensuring Better Patient Outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Nausea (25.0%), vomiting (12.2%), diarrhea (11.6%), constipation (11.0%), and dyspepsia (6.4%) were frequently reported, which were tolerated by most patients over time [48–50].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“After 56 weeks, a weight loss of 8.0% was achieved in the liraglutide group as compared to 2.6% in the placebo group.”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“The SCALE Diabetes assigned diabetic patients with obesity (n = 846) to receive 3 mg, 1.8 mg QD of liraglutide, or placebo for 56 weeks and reported weight reduction in the patients (6.0%, 4.7%, and 2.0%, respectively) [49].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Compared to the 1.8 mg group, the 3.0 mg group had a greater improvement in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, and the number of hypoglycemic agents.”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, BP, lipid profiles, HbA1c (− 0.30% ± 0.28), and fasting glucose levels (− 7.1 mg/dL ± 0.8) improved in the liraglutide group as compared to those in placebo group.”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“In addition, weight reduction ≥ 5% and ≥ 10% was achieved by 63.2% and 33.1% of the participants in the liraglutide group, respectively, as well as by 27.1% and 10.6% in the placebo group, respectively [49].”
From Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand? (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Prior to the 2014 approval of 3-mg liraglutide for this indication (70), most AOMs barely achieved the ≥ 5% threshold for clinically meaningful weight loss (71‐73).”
From GLP-1 and the Neurobiology of Eating Control: Recent Advances (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
In the citing paper
“Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have demonstrated promising weight reduction in recent studies, 14,15 together with improvements in CVD risk factors including waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) in individuals with obesity.16,17”
In the citing paper
“the data from SCALE trials reported similar but slightly pronounced weight loss ranging from 5.7% to 8% (31, 32, 33).”
From Effects of liraglutide on obesity-associated functional hypogonadism in men (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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“In the SCALE-1 Obesity and Prediabetes study with a duration of initially 56 weeks, 3731 subjects were included, 2285 of whom had prediabetes [17].”
GLP-1 and the Neurobiology of Eating Control: Recent Advances
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“Previous large randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that a 3 mg dose of liraglutide can result in an average weight loss of 5.6 kg over nearly one year in overweight or obese individuals without diabetes [71].”
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Liraglutide pretreatment attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury
Baer, B., Putz, N. D., Riedmann, K. J., Gonski, S. K., Lin, J., Ware, L. B., Toki, S., Peebles, R. S., Cahill, K. N., & Bastarache, J. A. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00041.2023 · Cited by 43
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pi-Sunyer, X., Astrup, A., Fujioka, K., Greenway, F., Halpern, A., Krempf, M., Lau, D. C. W., le Roux, C. W., Violante Ortiz, R., Jensen, C. B., & Wilding, J. P. H.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Scripps Clinic (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes (FR)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Novo Nordisk (Denmark) (DK)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2015-07-02
- Volume
- 373
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-22
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W807162506
- Semantic Scholar
- 01f6c765d4d399ef64124f5c0b619ed67ff94ebc
- Cited by
- 2,724
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 353 · 2025: 450 · 2024: 399 · 2023: 316 · 2022: 209 · 2021: 234 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 145 · 2018: 145 · 2017: 140 · 2016: 140 · 2015: 31
- FWCI
- 109.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK026687)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- liraglutide, obesity, weight loss, GLP-1 receptor agonists, lifestyle modification, prediabetes, adverse events, nausea, diarrhea, drug safety, weight management, subcutaneous injection, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes prevention, long-term weight maintenance, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Liraglutide, Adult, Blood Glucose, Combined Modality Therapy, Counseling, Diarrhea, Diet, Reducing, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Injections, Subcutaneous, Male, Middle Aged, Nausea, Obesity, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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