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Perioperative Bridging Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether bridging anticoagulation is necessary for patients with atrial fibrillation who need an interruption in warfarin treatment for an elective operation or other elective invasive procedure. We hypothesized that forgoing bridging anticoagulation would be noninferior to bridging with low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of perioperative arterial thromboembolism and would be superior to bridging with respect to major bleeding. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which, after perioperative interruption of warfarin therapy, patients were randomly assigned to receive bridging anticoagulation therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin (100 IU of dalteparin per kilogram of body weight) or matching placebo administered subcutaneously twice daily, from 3 days before the procedure until 24 hours before the procedure and then for 5 to 10 days after the procedure. Warfarin treatment was stopped 5 days before the procedure and was resumed within 24 hours after the procedure. Follow-up of patients continued for 30 days after the procedure. The primary outcomes were arterial thromboembolism (stroke, systemic embolism, or transient ischemic attack) and major bleeding. RESULTS: In total, 1884 patients were enrolled, with 950 assigned to receive no bridging therapy and 934 assigned to receive bridging therapy. The incidence of arterial thromboembolism was 0.4% in the no-bridging group and 0.3% in the bridging group (risk difference, 0.1 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.6 to 0.8; P=0.01 for noninferiority). The incidence of major bleeding was 1.3% in the no-bridging group and 3.2% in the bridging group (relative risk, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.78; P=0.005 for superiority). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with atrial fibrillation who had warfarin treatment interrupted for an elective operation or other elective invasive procedure, forgoing bridging anticoagulation was noninferior to perioperative bridging with low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of arterial thromboembolism and decreased the risk of major bleeding. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health; BRIDGE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00786474.).
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“In a randomized trial of 1884 patients with AF, interruption of anticoagulation was non-inferior to heparin administration for the outcome of arterial thromboembolism (incidence of 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively) and resulted in a lower risk of major bleeding (1.3% and 3.2%, respectively).502”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [502]
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“Recent evidence suggests that bridging therapy leads to a higher incidence of bleeding (11, 12).”
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“The USA had the highest H-index (132), followed by Canada (84), England (78), and Germany (77).”
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“This is pertinent given that “bridging” anticoagulation can increase risk of bleeding during the peri-procedural period with no additional benefit especially in patients with atrial fibrillation [29–32].”
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“[45] In patients with AF at low and moderate thrombotic risk (CHADS2 scores of 0-4), the BRIDGE trial has not detected a thrombotic benefit for bridging, which was associated with increased rated of minor and major bleedings.[46] Recently, given bleeding concerns, bridging is not endorsed by recent guidelines publishe…”
Background(S029) Managing therapeutic anticoagulation in bariatric surgery patients
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“bleeding risk classification used in the Perioperative Bridging Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (BRIDGE) trial [9,10].”
MethodPerioperative management of anticoagulation
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“For example, as in the clinical scenario presented in this survey, when a primary care provider orders a colonoscopy for an anticoagulated patient whose atrial fibrillation is managed by a cardiologist, who should decide: the PCP, the cardiologist, or the gastroenterologist? This question is consequential since decisi…”
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“The recently reported BRIDGE clinical trial, which included approximately 50% of patients who underwent minor gastrointestinal procedures (low bleeding risk), revealed that forgoing peri-operative bridging anticoagulation was not inferior to peri-operative HB to prevent arterial thromboembolism and decrease the risk o…”
Backgroundvan der Pol, S., Jacobs, M. S., Meijer, K., Piersma-Wichers, M. G., Tieleman, R. G., Postma, M. J., & van Hulst, M. (2018) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euy308 · Cited by 5
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“For warfarin-treated patients, landmark trials (e.g., BRIDGE trial) showed that “bridging” with heparin significantly increases major bleeding with little thrombotic benefit for most AF patients [33].”
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“The BRIDGE study results clearly demonstrated that heparin bridging signifi - cantly increases the risk of bleeding [54] without reducing the incidence of thromboembolic events.”
Perioperative Heparin Bridging in Patients With Mechanical Aortic Valves Undergoing Elective Surgery
Godoy, A. D., Grewal, T., Bhagirath, V. C., Tafur, A., Fontani, A. M., Casanegra, A. I., Ghorbanzadeh, A., Houghton, D. E., Abdulrehman, J., Galanaud, J. ‐., et al. (2026) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102578 · Cited by 4
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Perioperative Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Shu, L., Jiang, W., Xiao, H., Henninger, N., Nguyen, T. N., Siegler, J. E., de Havenon, A., Goldstein, E. D., Mandel, D., Rana, M., et al. (2023) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26678 · Cited by 4
“A randomized controlled trial found that perioperative discontinuation of OAC without heparin bridging was noninferior to heparin bridging for the prevention of arterial thromboembolism.(5) However, this study mainly focused on non-cardiovascular and non-neurological surgery, in which bleeding complications are detrim…”
Khalid, S. I., Mirpuri, P., Chilakapati, S. S., Kwak, A., Mitchell, D. L., Adogwa, O., & Mehta, A. I. (2023) · Asian Spine Journal · doi:10.31616/asj.2023.0125 · Cited by 4
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“Despite these identified knowledge gaps, the PAUSE (Douketis et al. 2019) and BRIDGE (Douketis et al. 2015) trials have resulted in greater consensus on therapeutic anticoagulation management for most patients.”
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Management von Blutungen unter Therapie mit direkten oralen Antikoagulanzien
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“The absence of bridging anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation when cessation of warfarin was necessary was shown to be non-inferior to enoxaparin bridging and decreased the risk of major bleeding in the BRIDGE trial.(17) The ORBIT-AF trial also showed higher rates of bleeding and adverse events associated with the u…”
Charbonneau, H., Pasquié, M., Peyronnet, B., Descazeaud, A., Delongchamps, N. B., Negra, E. D., Mathiéu, R., Karsenty, G., Long, J., Ballereau, C., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3066-9 · Cited by 4
Anticoagulants, antiagrégants plaquettaires et gestes en rhumatologie
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Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Reconstruction after Skin Cancer Resection
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Neurologic Complications of Surgery and Anesthesia
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Perioperative consultative hematology: can you clear my patient for a procedure?
Burnett, A., Ragheb, B., & Kaatz, S. S. (2021) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/hematology.2021000287 · Cited by 4
A Review of Direct-acting Oral Anticoagulants and Their Use in Solid Organ Transplantation
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“AF with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 7 or 8, a recent stroke or transient ischemic stroke within 3 months, and severe thrombophilia.(45,48,49) If a parenteral bridge is required, it should be stopped before surgery with adequate time to allow the coagulation parameters to normalize.”
BackgroundInfluentialPatient Blood Management in Vascular Surgery
Gyi, R., Cho, B. C., & Hensley, N. B. (2022) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2022.08.007 · Cited by 4
Perioperative management in chronically anticoagulated children undergoing tonsillectomy
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Wound complications following revision total knee arthroplasty: Prevalence and outcomes
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“1,2,14 Whereas, in the abovementioned meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials, the rate of severe extracranial bleeding was not reported.”
BackgroundAnästhesiologische Betreuung von Traumapatienten im orthogeriatrischen Co‑Management
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Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy in patients under antithromboembolic therapy
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“It has been shown clearly that bridging with heparin for invasive procedures in patients with atrial fibrillation who have a low CHA2DS2 -VASc-score does not decrease the rate of thromboembolic complications but increases the procedure-related bleeding rate significantly [26, 27].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Douketis, J. D., Spyropoulos, A. C., Kaatz, S., Becker, R. C., Caprini, J. A., Dunn, A. S., Garcia, D. A., Jacobson, A., Jaffer, A. K., Kong, D. F., Schulman, S., Turpie, A. G. G., Hasselblad, V., & Ortel, T. L.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Northwell Health (US)
- Hurley Medical Center (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Endeavor Health (US)
- University of Washington Medical Center (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2015-08-27
- Volume
- 373
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 823-833
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC4931686
- OpenAlex
- W1837600385
- Cited by
- 1,184
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 117 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 35
- FWCI
- 109.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL086755, U01HL087229)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Keywords
- atrial fibrillation, low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin, warfarin interruption, arterial thromboembolism, major bleeding, elective surgery, non-inferiority, stroke prevention, systemic embolism, transient ischemic attack, postoperative bleeding risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anticoagulants, Atrial Fibrillation, Double-Blind Method, Female, Hemorrhage, Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight, Humans, Male, Postoperative Complications, Thromboembolism, Warfarin, Elective Surgical Procedures, Perioperative Period
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