The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has the potential to identify a broad range of pathogens in a single test. METHODS: In a 1-year, multicenter, prospective study, we investigated the usefulness of metagenomic NGS of CSF for the diagnosis of infectious meningitis and encephalitis in hospitalized patients. All positive tests for pathogens on metagenomic NGS were confirmed by orthogonal laboratory testing. Physician feedback was elicited by teleconferences with a clinical microbial sequencing board and by surveys. Clinical effect was evaluated by retrospective chart review. RESULTS: We enrolled 204 pediatric and adult patients at eight hospitals. Patients were severely ill: 48.5% had been admitted to the intensive care unit, and the 30-day mortality among all study patients was 11.3%. A total of 58 infections of the nervous system were diagnosed in 57 patients (27.9%). Among these 58 infections, metagenomic NGS identified 13 (22%) that were not identified by clinical testing at the source hospital. Among the remaining 45 infections (78%), metagenomic NGS made concurrent diagnoses in 19. Of the 26 infections not identified by metagenomic NGS, 11 were diagnosed by serologic testing only, 7 were diagnosed from tissue samples other than CSF, and 8 were negative on metagenomic NGS owing to low titers of pathogens in CSF. A total of 8 of 13 diagnoses made solely by metagenomic NGS had a likely clinical effect, with 7 of 13 guiding treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Routine microbiologic testing is often insufficient to detect all neuroinvasive pathogens. In this study, metagenomic NGS of CSF obtained from patients with meningitis or encephalitis improved diagnosis of neurologic infections and provided actionable information in some cases. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; PDAID ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02910037.).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to detect microbial cell-free DNA (mcfDNA) in plasma is a promising approach, potentially allowing earlier detection and diagnosis of fungal infections when other blood biomarkers/tests are still negative.23”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In fact, mNGS was able to identify 16 pathogens that could not otherwise be detected by routine methods (35), attesting to its robustness and sensitivity.”
From Viruses Causing Aseptic Meningitis: A Tertiary Medical Center Experience With a Multiplex PCR Assay (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A new emerging technique that might be very broad yet highly accurate at detection is the mNGS, which has been shown to detect more neuroinvasive viruses accurately (32, 35).”
From Viruses Causing Aseptic Meningitis: A Tertiary Medical Center Experience With a Multiplex PCR Assay (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform
Katoh, K. (2002) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkf436 · Cited by 17,027
A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis
Graus, F., Titulaer, M. J., Balu, R., Benseler, S. M., Bien, C. G., Cellucci, T., Cortese, I. C. M., Dale, R. C., Gelfand, J. M., Geschwind, M. D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00401-9 · Cited by 4,580
Self-citationThe Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database
McArthur, A. G., Waglechner, N., Nizam, F., Yan, A., Azad, M. A., Baylay, A. J., Bhullar, K., Canova, M. J., Pascale, G. D., Ejim, L. J., et al. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00419-13 · Cited by 2,287
Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation and Reporting of Sequence Variants in Cancer
Li, M. M., Datto, M., Duncavage, E. J., Kulkarni, S., Lindeman, N. I., Roy, S., Tsimberidou, A. M., Vnencak‐Jones, C. L., Wolff, D. J., Younes, A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.10.002 · Cited by 2,113
Granerod, J., Ambrose, H. E., Davies, N. W., Clewley, J. P., Walsh, A. L., Morgan, D., Cunningham, R., Zuckerman, M., Mutton, K. J., Solomon, T., et al. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70222-x · Cited by 1,358
Hepatitis E Virus and Chronic Hepatitis in Organ-Transplant Recipients
Kamar, N., Sèlves, J., Mansuy, J., Ouezzani, L., Péron, J., Guitard, J., Cointault, O., Esposito, L., Abravanel, F., Danjoux, M., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706992 · Cited by 1,342
Estimating Maximum Likelihood Phylogenies with PhyML
Guindon, S., Delsuc, F., Dufayard, J.-F., & Gascuel, O. (2009) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-251-9_6 · Cited by 843
Simner, P. J., Miller, S., & Carroll, K. C. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix881 · Cited by 821
Self-citationBeyond Viruses: Clinical Profiles and Etiologies Associated with Encephalitis
Glaser, C. A., Honarmand, S., Anderson, L. J., Schnurr, D. P., Forghani, B., Cossen, C. K., Schuster, F. L., Christie, L. J., & Tureen, J. H. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/509330 · Cited by 649
Miller, S. A., Naccache, S. N., Samayoa, E., Messacar, K., Arevalo, S., Federman, S., Stryke, D., Pham, E., Fung, B., Bolosky, W. J., et al. (2019) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.238170.118 · Cited by 593
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,000
Spottiswoode, N., Bloomstein, J. D., Caldera, S., SESSOLO, A., McCauley, K. E., Byanyima, P., Zawedde, J., Kalantar, K., Kaswabuli, S., Rutishauser, R. L., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00357-8 · Cited by 13
Self-citationGu, J., Chen, L., Zeng, C., Yang, X., Pan, D., Cao, H., & Qian, Q. (2022) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/5641609 · Cited by 13
Next Generation Sequencing Approaches to Characterize the Respiratory Tract Virome
Sandybayev, N. T., Beloussov, V., Strochkov, V. M., Solomadin, M., Granica, J., & Yegorov, S. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10122327 · Cited by 13
Fan, G., Li, S., Tian, F., Yang, L., Yi, S., Chen, S., Li, C., Zhang, R., He, X., & Ma, X. (2023) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001079 · Cited by 13
Kimseng, H., Rossi, G., Danjean, M., Jimenez-Araya, B., Chaligne, C., Galy, A., Souhail, B., Bert, F., Leflon‐Guibout, V., Fihman, V., et al. (2023) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.08.004 · Cited by 13
Pathogen determination from clinical abscess fluids using metagenomic next-generation sequencing
Zhao, Y., Chen, J., Bai, B., Wang, Y., Zheng, J., Yu, Z., Deng, Q., & Li, P. (2020) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-020-00829-x · Cited by 13
Pardo, I., Finamor, L. P., Marra, P. S., Ferreira, J. M. G., Gutfreund, M. C., Hsieh, M. K., Li, Y., Pinho, J. R. R., Rizzo, L. V., Kobayashi, T., et al. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17060757 · Cited by 12
Harris, K., & Brown, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001633 · Cited by 12
Li, H., Niu, E., Fu, J., Huang, Y., Gao, Y., Chai, W., & Chen, J. (2023) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s420325 · Cited by 12
Carmona, R., Cilli, A., da Costa, A. C., Reis, F. C., Leal, E. D. S., dos Santos, F. C. P., Machado, B. C., Lopes, C. S., Afonso, A. M. S., & Timenetsky, M. D. C. S. T. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12010019 · Cited by 12
Microbiological Diagnosis of Pulmonary Aspergillus Infections
Aerts, R., Feys, S., Mercier, T., & Lagrou, K. (2024) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1776777 · Cited by 12
Milburn, J., Suresh, R., Doyle, R., & Jarvis, J. N. (2024) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2024.2317414 · Cited by 12
Chen, H., Zhan, M., Liu, S., Balloux, F., & Wang, H. (2024) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.033 · Cited by 12
Spatz, S. J., & Afonso, C. L. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci11060239 · Cited by 12
Pan, Z., Wang, W., Zhang, C., Mao, L., Li, Y., Yuan, L., & Li, Z. (2024) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116563 · Cited by 12
Chiu, C. Y., Godasi, R. R., Hughes, H. R., Servellita, V., Foresythe, K., Tubati, A., Zorn, K. C., Sidhu, S. S., Wilson, M. R., Bethina, S. V., et al. (2025) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid3102.240831 · Cited by 12
Self-citationChen, Y.-Y., & Xue, X.-H. (2022) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i18.6283 · Cited by 12
The first case of Streptococcus intermedius brain abscess with hemophagocytic histiocytosis
Zhang, J., Wang, J., Gan, J., Luo, R., & Chen, X. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07600-2 · Cited by 12
Hong, D., Wang, P., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Jiang, W., Ye, B., Li, G., Zhou, J., Mao, W., Tong, Z., et al. (2022) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2022.07.014 · Cited by 12
Zheng, L., Kang, Z., Wang, R., Lv, M., Gao, Z., Xu, H., & Wang, M.-T. (2023) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s396699 · Cited by 12
Wang, Y., Guo, X.-T., Zhu, M.-Y., Mao, Y.-C., Xu, X., Hua, Y., Xu, L., Jiang, L.-H., Zhao, C.-Y., Zhang, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104858 · Cited by 12
Qin, H., Peng, J., Liu, L., Wu, J., Pan, L., Huang, X., Huang, M., Qiu, H., & Du, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.686247 · Cited by 12
Progress in diagnosis and treatment of primary spondylodiscitis: a systematic literature review
Yu, D., Kang, Y., Lu, W., & Chen, B. (2025) · EFORT Open Reviews · doi:10.1530/eor-2025-0041 · Cited by 11
Palmas, G., & Duke, T. (2023) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2023-325305 · Cited by 11
Progress in etiological diagnosis of viral meningitis
Xu, H., Chen, P., Guo, S., Shen, X., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1193834 · Cited by 11
Linder, K. A., & Miceli, M. H. (2023) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad385 · Cited by 11
Klontz, E. H., Solomon, I. H., Turbett, S. E., Lemieux, J. E., & Branda, J. A. (2024) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116169 · Cited by 11
Yuan, J., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Deng, C., Li, Q., Meng, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1423541 · Cited by 11
Sun, N., Zhang, J., Guo, W., Jin, C., Chen, Y., Gao, D., & Xia, X. (2025) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-025-03887-8 · Cited by 11
Minter, D. J., & Chow, F. C. (2025) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.78016 · Cited by 11
Self-citationOutcomes of Critically Ill Adult Patients With Acute Encephalitis
Sonneville, R., Couffignal, C., Souweine, B., Demiri, S., Terzi, N., Bruneel, F., Dessap, A. M., Martin, M., Marois, C., Bailly, P., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32478 · Cited by 11
Encephalitis: A Global Problem Deserving of a Global Approach
Glaser, C. A., & Bloch, K. C. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz690 · Cited by 11
Horiba, K., Suzuki, M., Tetsuka, N., Kawano, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Okumura, T., Suzuki, T., Torii, Y., Kawada, J., Morita, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06231-3 · Cited by 11
A Rare Bird: Diagnosis of Psittacosis Meningitis by Clinical Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing
Davar, K., Wilson, M. R., Miller, S. A., Chiu, C. Y., & Vijayan, T. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab555 · Cited by 11
Self-citationLiu, C., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Bu, H., Liu, R., Ji, Y., He, J., & Hong, K. (2022) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-022-00676-1 · Cited by 11
Jiang, H., Xing, Z., Liu, X., Chai, Q., Xin, Z., Zhu, C., Lin, R., Deng, X., Dong, C., Gao, H., et al. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07272-y · Cited by 12
Yang, H., He, X.-J., Nie, J.-M., Guan, S.-S., Chen, Y., & Liu, M. (2022) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/s12981-022-00468-x · Cited by 11
Gámbaro, F., Pérez, A. B., Prot, M., Agüera, E., Baidaliuk, A., Sánchez‐Seco, M. P., Martı́nez-Martı́nez, L., Vázquez, A., Fernández-García, M. D., & Simon‐Lorière, E. (2023) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.45.2200913 · Cited by 11
Xu, C., Chen, X., Zhu, G., Yi, H., Chen, S.-L., Liu, T., Yu, Y., Zhang, Q.-H., Jiang, E., & Feng, S. (2023) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2023.11.002 · Cited by 11
Long-Term Outcomes in Children Surviving Tropical Arboviral Encephalitis: A Systematic Review
Chow, C. P., & Dehority, W. N. (2021) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fmab028 · Cited by 11
Zeng, S., Yan, W., Wu, X., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.714916 · Cited by 11
Wang, D., Lai, M., Song, H., Zhang, J., Zhao, F., Liang, J., Xu, W., Tang, Y., & Xu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.819467 · Cited by 11
Waite, D. W., Liefting, L. W., Delmiglio, C., Chernyavtseva, A., Ha, H., & Thompson, J. R. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14102163 · Cited by 11
Comparison of Three Commercial Tools for Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing Analysis
Thoendel, M., Jeraldo, P., Greenwood‐Quaintance, K. E., Yao, J. Z., Chia, N., Hanssen, A. D., Abdel, M. P., & Patel, R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00981-19 · Cited by 12
Rewiring of Microbiota Networks in Erosive Inflammation of the Stomach and Small Bowel
Chen, X., Fan, H., Zhang, H.-K., Qin, H.-W., Shen, L., Yu, X., Zhang, J., & Zhu, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00299 · Cited by 11
Enterovirus Encephalitis in People With Multiple Sclerosis on Ocrelizumab
Banks, S. A., Poliakov, I., Flanagan, E. P., Toledano, M., & Nathoo, N. (2025) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200534 · Cited by 10
Asif, A. A., Roy, M., Tellier, B. R., & Ahmad, S. (2021) · IDCases · doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01126 · Cited by 10
A One Health perspective on the use of genotypic methods for antimicrobial resistance prediction
Maddock, K. J., Burbick, C. R., Cole, S. D., Daniels, J. B., LeCuyer, T. E., Li, X.-Z., Loy, J. D., Sánchez, S., Stenger, B. L. S., & Diaz-Campos, D. V. (2024) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.23.12.0687 · Cited by 10
Downie, D. L., Rao, P., David-Ferdon, C. F., Courtney, S. C., Lee, J. S., Quiner, C. A., MacDonald, P. D. M., Barnes, K., Fisher, S., Andreadis, J. D., et al. (2024) · Health Security · doi:10.1089/hs.2023.0099 · Cited by 10
Xing, Z., Jiang, H., Liu, X., Chai, Q., Xin, Z., Zhu, C., Bao, Y., Chen, H., Gao, H., & Ma, D. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05370-w · Cited by 10
Wang, X., Xu, H., Qin, L., Wang, H., Jiang, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, M., Pang, R. Y., Wu, W., & Li, W. (2024) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202400792r · Cited by 11
Cai, Z., Zhang, X., Song, Y., Jiang, Y., Jiang, L., Li, T., & Sun, X. (2024) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001879 · Cited by 10
Birkeland, K. W., Mostert, L., Claas, E. C. J., Aamot, H. V., & Demuyser, T. (2025) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-025-02502-2 · Cited by 10
Metagenomic detection of central nervous system infections missedby conventional testing
Ferreira, N. E., Berg, M. G., da Costa, A. C., Rodgers, M. A., Kallas, E. G., Silveira, C. G. T., Thomazella, M. V., de Oliveira, A. C. S., Honorato, L., Paião, H. G. O., et al. (2025) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.189295 · Cited by 10
Alvarez-Mulett, S. L., Garcia, S. M., Saleh, O. A., Wolf, M. J., Rodning, A. A., Wengenack, N. L., Norgan, A. P., & Patel, R. (2025) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf390 · Cited by 10
dos Santos, M. M., Salles, T. S., de Campos, G. M., Brcko, I. C., Lima, A. R. J., Sampaio, S. C., Elias, M. C., Giovanetti, M., & Slavov, S. N. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17121554 · Cited by 10
Diagnostic approach and update on encephalitis
Bhimraj, A., & Hasbun, R. (2022) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000832 · Cited by 10
The Current Status of Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infections
Wilson, M. R., & Tyler, K. L. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.2287 · Cited by 10
Self-citationZhang, Q., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, R., Lv, X., Wei, X., & Zhou, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.960766 · Cited by 10
Zhuo, X., Zhou, Y., & Liu, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.965939 · Cited by 10
Deng, L., Li, Q., Hu, W., Chen, X., Chen, T., Song, S., Mo, P., Zou, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, S., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31974-1 · Cited by 10
Che, X., He, Z., Tung, T., Xia, H., & Lu, Z. (2023) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.1515/biol-2022-0579 · Cited by 10
Lin, Y., Zhang, W., Xiong, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, Q., Ma, Y., & Xie, Y. (2023) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116025 · Cited by 10
Clinical characteristics and prognosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis in adults
Yang, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, S., Huang, X., Tian, B., Yu, R., & Ding, Q. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28010 · Cited by 10
Laboratory Testing for Powassan Virus: Past, Present, and Future
Klontz, E. H., Chowdhury, N., & Branda, J. A. (2024) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae197 · Cited by 10
Rapid detection of human herpes virus by next-generation sequencing in a patient with encephalitis
Zhang, Y., Hong, K., Zou, Y., & Bu, H. (2019) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1205-x · Cited by 10
Zheng, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Qian, L., Cai, Y., Lv, H., Kang, X., Guo, D., Wang, X., Huang, J., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58670-8 · Cited by 10
Delirium in Meningitis and Encephalitis: Emergence and Prediction in a 6-Year Cohort
Dittrich, T. D., Marsch, S. C. U., Rüegg, S. J., Marchis, G. M. D., Tschudin‐Sutter, S., & Sutter, R. (2020) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066620913004 · Cited by 10
Fernández-García, M. D., Simon‐Lorière, E., Kébé, O., Sakuntabhai, A., & Ndiaye, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63467-w · Cited by 10
D’Inzeo, T., Menchinelli, G., Angelis, G. D., Fiori, B., Liotti, F. M., Morandotti, G. A., Sanguinetti, M., Posteraro, B., & Spanu, T. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-020-03909-5 · Cited by 10
Su, J., Han, X., Xu, X., Ding, W., Li, M., Wang, W., Mi, T., Chen, X., Xu, B., Chen, Z., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.892087 · Cited by 10
Central nervous system infection caused by Mycobacterium houstonense: A case report
Wang, L., Wang, F., Yang, C. H., & Luo, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.908086 · Cited by 10
Purifying selection decreases the potential for Bangui orthobunyavirus outbreaks in humans
Orf, G. S., Perez, L. J., Meyer, T. V., Luk, K., Forberg, K., Rodgers, M. A., Hadji, A., James, L., Mampunza, S. M. M., Achari, A., et al. (2023) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/vead018 · Cited by 10
Self-citationLiu, L., Guo, L., Dong, J., Huang, W., Zhao, L., Liu, B., Zhang, X., Jiang, Y., & Liu, G. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00803-5 · Cited by 10
Gupton, M., & Burns, J. D. (2023) · EFORT Open Reviews · doi:10.1530/eor-22-0136 · Cited by 9
Hong, R., Lin, S. H., Zhang, S., Yi, Y., Li, L., Yang, H., Du, Z., Cao, X., Wu, W., Ren, R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1320831 · Cited by 9
Mahmoud, O. K., Petri, F., Zein, S. E., Fida, M., Diehn, F. E., Verdoorn, J. T., Schuetz, A. N., Murad, M. H., Nassr, A. N., & Berbari, E. F. (2024) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000003314 · Cited by 9
van Steenhoven, R. W., Salih, S., de Vries, J. M., Smets, I., Verdijk, R. M., Gardeniers, M., Kerstens, J., Brenner, J., Crijnen, Y. S., Geurts, M., et al. (2025) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70000 · Cited by 9
The Regulatory Landscape for Clinical Metagenomic Testing
Chiu, C. Y., López‐Labrador, F. X., Wilson, M. R., & de Vries, J. J. C. (2025) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.0461 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCharlier, C., Souhail, B., Dauger, S., Woerther, P., Bleibtreu, A., Caséris, M., Chosidow, O., Bertolus, C., Hua, C., Monsel, G., et al. (2025) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-025-05664-5 · Cited by 9
Okumura, T., Horiba, K., Tetsuka, N., Sato, Y., Sugiyama, Y., Haruta, K., Yamaguchi, M., Suzuki, T., Torii, Y., Kawada, J., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2023.2207113 · Cited by 9
Yuan, L., Zhu, Q., Chen, Q., Lai, L. M., Liu, P., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/labmed/lmad046 · Cited by 9
Song, J., Zhu, K., Wang, X., Yang, Q., Yu, S., Zhang, Y., Fu, Z., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Lin, K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1211732 · Cited by 9
Wang, C., Xu, H., Liu, G., Liu, J., Yu, H., Chen, B., Zheng, G., Shu, M., Du, L., Xu, Z., et al. (2023) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s413147 · Cited by 9
An umbrella review of the diagnostic value of next-generation sequencing in infectious diseases
Cao, H., Chen, Y., Ge, L., Kwong, J. S. W., Lai, H., Hu, F., Zhang, R., Zhao, H., Hu, L., He, R., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-024-01704-2 · Cited by 10
Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases
Nurmukanova, V., Дмитриевна, М. А., Gordukova, M. A., & Shipulin, G. A. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16050787 · Cited by 9
Novel metagenomics analysis of stony coral tissue loss disease
Heinz, J., Lu, J., Huebner, L. K., Salzberg, S. L., Sommer, M., & Rosales, S. (2024) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkae137 · Cited by 9
Chang, B., Wei, X., Wang, X., Tang, Y., Zhu, J., Zheng, X., Zhang, C., & Li, S. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00892-7 · Cited by 9
Hodor, P. G., Pope, C. E., Whitlock, K. B., Hoffman, L. R., Limbrick, D. L., McDonald, P. J., Hauptman, J. S., Ojemann, J. G., & Simon, T. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.699506 · Cited by 9
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Yin, J., Xi, B., Wang, N., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.888398 · Cited by 9
Deng, S., Zhu, H., Li, Y., Zhao, F., Ocak, U., & Gong, Y. (2020) · IDCases · doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00758 · Cited by 9
Neurologic Infections in Patients on Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Therapies
Anand, P. (2021) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000985 · Cited by 10
Giarritiello, F., Romanò, C. L., Lob, G., Benevenia, J., Tsuchiya, H., Zappia, E., & Drago, L. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13070678 · Cited by 8
Makkawi, S., Alqurashi, S., Hubayni, W. A., Almahdawi, S., Bahkali, S., Alharbi, A., Khojah, O., Halawani, A., & Malli, I. A. (2024) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint16050073 · Cited by 8
Shantha, J. G., Moussa, K., Laovirojjanakul, W., Yeh, S., Tsui, E. Y. K., Chen, J. L., Vitale, A. T., Shakoor, A., Larochelle, M. B., Niemeyer, K. M., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.07.003 · Cited by 8
Yu, H., Liang, D., Ding, X., Gao, H., Fan, G., Song, Y., Sun, S., Huang, Q., Liu, S., & Zhang, Z.-L. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1606283 · Cited by 8
Jabłońska, A., Sadkowski, A., Richert-Przygońska, M., & Styczyński, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14186444 · Cited by 8
Hamelin, B., Hosch, S., Neidhöfer, C., Ruf, M., Haslbauer, J. D., Field, C. M., Schläpfer, P., Manzo, M., Neumayr, A. L. C., Kuenzli, E., et al. (2025) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.labinv.2025.104254 · Cited by 8
Multifocal brain abscesses caused by invasive Streptococcus intermedia: A case report
Yao, L., Chen, S., Yu, Z., & Yu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.893627 · Cited by 8
Su, J., Hu, B., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16003 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilson, M. R., Sample, H. A., Zorn, K. C., Arevalo, S., Yu, G., Neuhaus, J., Federman, S., Stryke, D., Briggs, B., Langelier, C., Berger, A., Douglas, V., Josephson, S. A., Chow, F. C., Fulton, B. D., DeRisi, J. L., Gelfand, J. M., Naccache, S. N., Bender, J., Dien Bard, J., Murkey, J., Carlson, M., Vespa, P. M., Vijayan, T., Allyn, P. R., Campeau, S., Humphries, R. M., Klausner, J. D., Ganzon, C. D., Memar, F., Ocampo, N. A., Zimmermann, L. L., Cohen, S. H., Polage, C. R., DeBiasi, R. L., Haller, B., Dallas, R., Maron, G., Hayden, R., Messacar, K., Dominguez, S. R., Miller, S., & Chiu, C. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles (US)
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), Biochemistry and Biophysics (H.A.S., K.C.Z., J.L.D.), Laboratory Medicine (S.A., G.Y., S.F., D.S., B.B., B.H., S.M., C.Y.C.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.N.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.L., C.Y.C.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine (A.B.), and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (M.R.W., V.D., S.A.J., F.C.C., J.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco ...
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Children's National (US)
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Wilson, Michael R.
- Sample, Hannah A.
- Zorn, Kelsey C.
- Yu, Guixia
- Neuhaus, John
- Federman, Scot
- Briggs, Benjamin
- Langelier, Charles
- Douglas, Vanja
- Josephson, S. Andrew
- Chow, Felicia C.
- Fulton, Brent D.
- DeRisi, Joseph L.
- Gelfand, Jeffrey M.
- Naccache, Samia N.
- Bender, Jeffrey
- Murkey, Jamie
- Vijayan, Tara
- Allyn, Paul R.
- Humphries, Romney M.
- Klausner, Jeffrey D.
- Cohen, Stuart H.
- Polage, Christopher R.
- DeBiasi, Roberta L.
- Dallas, Ronald
- Hayden, Randall
- Messacar, Kevin
- Dominguez, Samuel R.
- Miller, Steve
- Chiu, Charles Y.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2019-06-13
- Volume
- 380
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2327-2340
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC6764751
- OpenAlex
- W2953017819
- Cited by
- 1,067
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 148 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 151 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 39
- FWCI
- 83.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K08NS096117)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL105704, U54HL119893)
- California Initiative to Advance Precision Medicine
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000004)
- Bowes Foundation
- Charles and Helen Schwab Foundation
- Sandler Foundation
- Rachleff Family Endowment
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub
- George and Judy Marcus Innovation Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Keywords
- metagenomic sequencing, cerebrospinal fluid, infectious meningitis, encephalitis, neuroinvasive infection, pathogen detection, clinical microbiology, telemedicine, physician feedback, pediatric patients, intensive care unit admission
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Child, Child, Preschool, Encephalitis, Female, Humans, Infant, Infections, Length of Stay, Male, Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis, Middle Aged, Myelitis, Prospective Studies, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Young Adult, Metagenomics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Genome, Microbial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
