Digital disease detection - harnessing the Web for public health surveillance

Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data

Ginsberg, J., Mohebbi, M. H., Patel, R. S., Brammer, L., Smolinski, M. S., & Brilliant, L. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07634 · Cited by 4,295

Using Internet Searches for Influenza Surveillance

Polgreen, P. M., Chen, Y., Pennock, D. M., & Nelson, F. D. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/593098 · Cited by 567

Infodemiology: tracking flu-related searches on the web for syndromic surveillance.

Eysenbach, G. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 414

Surveillance Sans Frontières: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the HealthMap Project

Brownstein, J. S., Freifeld, C. C., Reis, B. Y., & Mandl, K. D. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151 · Cited by 413

ProMED-mail: An Early Warning System for Emerging Diseases

Yu, V. L., & Madoff, L. C. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/422003 · Cited by 269

Beyond Raw Performance: Neural Machine Translation Based Multi-lingual Classification of Tweets for Automated Disease SurveillancePreprint

Magumba, M. A., & Nabende, P. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-661600/v1

Covid-19 Surveillance in Peru on April using a Social Network and Text Mining

Saire, J. E. C., & Oblitas, J. (2020) · International Conference of Digital Transformation and Innovation Technology (INCODTRIN) · doi:10.1109/incodtrin51881.2020.00020

Non-Communicable Diseases and Social Media: A Heart Disease Symptoms Application

Kumarasamy, A. T., Asamoah, D. A., & Sharda, R. (2021) · Journal of Information & Knowledge Management · doi:10.1142/s021964922150043x

DOES ECONOMIC POLICY UNCERTAINTY INCREASE INFORMATION SEARCH ABOUT CONDOMS ON THE INTERNET

Olds, C. (2014) · Journal of medical research/The journal of medical research

Google arama motoru Türkiye’de Covid-19 salgınının yayılımının izlenmesinde ve tahmininde kullanılabilir mi?

TİRGİL, M., ÇULHA, E., & Demirci, Ş. (2021) · Mersin üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri dergisi/Mersin üniversitesi sağlık bilimleri dergisi · doi:10.26559/mersinsbd.842118

An Approach to Digitalize the Health Care System of Bangladesh using Smartphone

Hossain, M. K., Imteaj, A., Shakib, K. H., & Zaman, S. (2022) · SISFORMA · doi:10.24167/sisforma.v8i2.4238

“Viral” Spread of COVID-19: The Digital World Reflects and Precedes Reality (Preprint)Preprint

Gill, K., Cacciamani, G. E., Dell’Oglio, P., Cocci, A., Russo, G. I., & Gill, I. S. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.22378

When “Corona” Goes Viral – Online Search Interests in Google for Coronavirus versus Its Incidence in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: An Infodemiological Analysis (Preprint)Preprint

Ahmadvand, A., Forough, A. S., & Nissen, L. M. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.18993

Public Interest in Prostatic Artery Embolization: An Analysis of Search Query Data

Cusumano, L. R., Mathevosian, S., Sayre, J. W., & McWilliams, J. P. (2022) · The UCLA Radiological Science Proceedings · doi:10.5070/rs42148218

Data, Privacy, and the Greater Good

Horvitz, E., & Mulligan, D. K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108616188.007

An Algorithm for Notifiable Disease Modeling and Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques: A Case of Kenya.Preprint

Maingi, N. N., Ateya, I. L., & Mwau, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-839844/v1

Biosurveillance

Reichert, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_27

Preface

Kaschula, R. H., & Wolff, H. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671088.001

EPIDEMIOLOGIA DIGITAL

Pastor-Escuredo, D. (2020) · Revista Diecisiete Investigación Interdisciplinar para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible · doi:10.36852/2695-4427_2020_03.07

Literature Survey: Computational Models for Analyzing and Predicting the Spread of the Coronavirus Pandemic

Soam, A., Kaul, K., & Ushasukhanya, S. (2022) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5685-9_34

Secondary Data for Global Health DigitalizationPreprint

Näher, A., Vorisek, C. N., Klopfenstein, S. A. I., Lehne, M., Thun, S., Alsalamah, S., Pujari, S., Heider, D., Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4068313

Developing and Measuring the Business Case for Health Information Technology

Unwin, D. W., Sanzogni, L., & Sandhu, K. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5201-7.ch076

Index

Kaschula, R. H., & Wolff, H. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671088.020

Dijital epidemiyoloji

Donar, G. B. (2020) · Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi · doi:10.20518/tjph.656035 · Cited by 1

Will Comparative Effectiveness Research Lead to Healthcare Rationing?

Brown, M. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2770-3.ch074

Understanding Strategies for Implementing Integrated Information Systems for Rabies Surveillance

Geofrey, A. M., Kipanyula, M. J., Fue, K. G., & Sanga, C. A. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5640-4.ch008

Enabling Rapid Classification of Social Media Communications During Crises

Imran, M., Mitra, P., & Srivastava, J. (2020) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2460-2.ch064

Developing an Online Infectious Disease Outbreak Database: Codifying the World Health Organization’s Disease Outbreak News reportsPreprint

Katz, R., Carlson, C. J., Pavez, M., Lin, J., Palys, M. A., & Boyce, M. R. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-33473/v1

Developing an Online Infectious Disease Outbreak Database: Codifying the World Health Organization's Disease Outbreak News ReportsPreprint

Pavez, M. C., Carlson, C. J., Boyce, M. R., Lin, J., Palys, M. A., & Katz, R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3594559

Trend Analysis: A Decision Tool in SA Healthcare

Abbott, S. G., & Ade-Ibijola, A. (2019) · International Multidisciplinary Information Technology and Engineering Conference (IMITEC) · doi:10.1109/imitec45504.2019.9015894

Chapter 7 Web 2.0 and Internet Social Networking A New tool for Disaster Management? Lessons from Taiwan

Huang, C.-M., Chan, E., & Hyder, A. A. (2016) · doi:10.1201/9781315365640-8

References

Galaz, V. (2014) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781781955550.00015

References

(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100273-5.09986-5

Biosurveillance

Reichert, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_27-1

Syndromic Surveillance

Roselle, G. A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139629317.016

A comprehensive easy-to-use techno-human solution for the resource-constrained nations in the fight against communicable disease like the coronavirus pandemic

Manjrekar, O., Biswas, R., Agrawal, A., Barandwal, N., Gupta, A., Chaudhari, P., Mishra, S., Anavardekar, K., Fernandes, V., & Arya, K. (2022) · New Techno Humanities · doi:10.1016/j.techum.2022.05.002

Infrastrukturen der Biosicherheit

Füller, H. (2022) · Sozial- und Kulturgeographie · doi:10.1515/9783839460214 · Cited by 1

Acceptance of COVID-19 Tracking Apps

Zhang, L., & Amos, C. (2021) · Journal of Customer Behaviour · doi:10.1362/147539221x16356770010758

Developing and Measuring the Business Case for Health Information Technology

Unwin, D. W., Sanzogni, L., & Sandhu, K. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6915-2.ch018

Foreword

Ahmad, K. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.001

Licence Agreement for the Use of a Social Media Monitor in Disaster Management

Ahmad, K. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.008

Checklist of Legal Issues

Ahmad, K. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.009

EU Human Rights Framework

de Stefani, P. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.006

Index

Ahmad, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.010

Social Computing Systems and Ethical Considerations

Ahmad, K., Finan, S., Kelly, S., Zhang, X., Hayes, P., Hogan, L., & Jackson, D. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.003

Applications of Big Spatial Data: Health

Waller, L. A. (2022) · Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63962-8_72-2

Applications of Big Spatial Data: Health

Waller, L. A. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63962-8_72-1

Exploring Twitter chatter to assess sentiments, beliefs, and attitudes regarding cannabis use in Thailand. (Preprint)Preprint

Lamy, F. R., & Meemon, N. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.42770

Understanding African migrants' and refugees' experiences of digital health technologies in south east Queensland, Australia

Coulibaly, S. (2022) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.236175 · Cited by 1

Análise quantitativa do interesse por implantes dentários em diferentes países ao longo do tempo e durante a pandemia da COVID-19

Cavallieri, R. S. (2022) · doi:10.11606/d.25.2022.tde-25012023-172800

Symptoms trend and challenges in dental practice during delta variance COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: Google Trends Analysis

Hasan, F., Mayasari, N. R., Salamanca, E., Dorj, O., Satria, R. D., Latief, K., Sujarwadi, M., & Budi, H. S. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.134366.1

Estudo de tendência de buscas sobre Varíola dos macacos (Mpox) utilizando a ferramenta Google Trends e dados epidemiológicos do Brasil

de Oliveira, J. G., Pontes, L. D. S., Neto, J. V. D. S. F., Neto, R. M. B., Schusterschitz, A. H. B. V., & Amorim, E. P. D. O. (2023) · Instituto Multiprofissional de Ensino eBooks · doi:10.51161/editoraime/44/138

Conclusion

Corbet, R., & Maguire, C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.007

Internet Laws

Oriola, T. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108575720.004

Internet-Based Epidemiology

Richiardi, L., Pizzi, C., Paolotti, D., & Blumenberg, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6625-3_59-1

The Role of Social Media in Monitoring and Predicting Influenza Cases in China: A Time Series AnalysisPreprint

Fang, C., Chen, J., Zeng, K., Wang, H., Lan, Y., & Li, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3890113/v1

Data governance and ethics in digital health surveillance for emerging infectious diseasesPreprint

Thiongane, O., Martin², L., Thys, S., & Arsevska, E. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993737/v1

Technische Herausforderung bei der Nutzbarmachung von Gesundheitsdaten

Breil, B., & Lux, T. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43236-2_28

Building a Low-Cost Model for Predicting Infectious Disease Burden: Dengue in Brazil

Vasquez, C. (2024) · The Macalester street journal. · doi:10.62543/msj.v2i1.53

Tendências da violência doméstica: o que o Google tem a dizer sobre violência doméstica e lei Maria da Penha

Roque, L. C., Hernandes, M. D. A. J., de Aguiar, V. B., Poletto, P. R., Roque, B. C., & dos Santos, C. F. (2024) · Caderno Pedagógico · doi:10.54033/cadpedv21n8-244

Health and Disease Mapping

Moghaddam, S. N. M., & Cao, H. (2024) · City development · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5116-7_8

Public health surveillance: Collecting data for public health action

Kirk, M., Webb, P. M., & Bain, C. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009415323.014

Predictive Analysis of Global Risk Insights with a Focus on World Risk Index Factors

Arora, S., Nandi, S., & Pramod, D. (2024) · International Conference on Contemporary Computing · doi:10.1145/3675888.3676022

Public Discourse and Sentiment Toward Older Drivers on Social Media in Japan (Preprint)Preprint

Nakanishi, A., Ichikawa, M., & Sano, Y. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.69321

Looking Beyond 2030: Charting Our Post-SDG Future

Bibangco, E. J. P. (2024) · Philippine Journal of Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.63179/pjset.v1i2.139

Editorial: Outbreak oracles: how AI's journey through COVID-19 shapes future epidemic strategy

Chumachenko, D., Kaur, J., & Chen, J. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1636444

Transforming Public Health Response: Building an AI-Powered Early Warning System with Salesforce

Dubaguntla, C. (2025) · Technix International Journal for Engineering Research · doi:10.56975/tijer.v12i6.158360

Artificial Intelligence as a Research Tool in Social Sciences: Contemporary Opportunities and Emerging Challenges

Sharma, V. (2025) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i03.49410

INFODEMIOLOGY OF RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR: USING GOOGLE TRENDS TO STUDY THE GLOBAL SPREAD OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES WITH ALLERGIC DISEASES

Кайдашев, І. П., Morokhovets, H. Y., Lysanets, Y. V., Pinto, B., Bedbrook, A., Samolinski, B. K., & Bousquet, J. (2025) · The Medical and Ecological Problems · doi:10.31718/mep.2025.29.2.01

Role of Health Informatics and Administrative Teams in Enhancing Data-Driven Decision Making in Public Hospitals

Alsharif, M. O. M., Altamimi, F. E. A., Almhana, M. S. H., Alibrahim, S. H. S., Alshalawi, M. H. M., Almhna Hamad Saud, H., Aljohani Randa Najeeb, S., Alfaisal, F. A. H., Alshammarl, S. F., & Alruwaily Swailem Qayad, F. (2024) · International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering · doi:10.22399/ijcesen.4031

Digital Search Trends on Suicide in Türkiye: An Infodemiological Study

Ceylan, A., & Öztürk, P. Ç. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1758891

Biosecurity and disease monitoring

(2023) · CSIRO Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1071/9781486314935.bk08025_part6

Mapping social media analytics in firearm injury exposure research: a scoping review

Flynch, M., He, L., Badurak, M., & Henry, S. B. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf202

Additional file 6 of “AI’s gonna have an impact on everything in society, so it has to have an impact on public health”: a fundamental qualitative descriptive study of the implications of artificial intelligence for public health

Morgenstern, J., Rosella, L. C., Daley, M. J., Goel, V., Schünemann, H. J., & Piggott, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13534369

Additional file 3 of “AI’s gonna have an impact on everything in society, so it has to have an impact on public health”: a fundamental qualitative descriptive study of the implications of artificial intelligence for public health

Morgenstern, J., Rosella, L. C., Daley, M. J., Goel, V., Schünemann, H. J., & Piggott, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13534360

Additional file 1 of “AI’s gonna have an impact on everything in society, so it has to have an impact on public health”: a fundamental qualitative descriptive study of the implications of artificial intelligence for public health

Morgenstern, J., Rosella, L. C., Daley, M. J., Goel, V., Schünemann, H. J., & Piggott, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13534354

Additional file 2 of “AI’s gonna have an impact on everything in society, so it has to have an impact on public health”: a fundamental qualitative descriptive study of the implications of artificial intelligence for public health

Morgenstern, J., Rosella, L. C., Daley, M. J., Goel, V., Schünemann, H. J., & Piggott, T. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13534357

Additional file 2 of What methods are used to examine representation of mental ill-health on social media? A systematic review

Tudehope, L., Harris, N., Vorage, L., & Sofija, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25322981

Additional file 1 of What methods are used to examine representation of mental ill-health on social media? A systematic review

Tudehope, L., Harris, N., Vorage, L., & Sofija, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25322932

Digital Telecommunications in Medicine and Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Karkanis, N., Giannakoulas, A., Zoiros, K. E., Kaifas, T. N. F., & Kyriacou, G. A. (2026) · Eng—Advances in Engineering · doi:10.3390/eng7010019

Deep Learning for Disease Outbreak Monitoring

Bhuyan, H. B. G. S., Mohanty, D., Panigrahi, S. K., Parida, C., & Darshana, S. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics, Signal Processing, & Communication (AESPC) · doi:10.1109/aespc67542.2025.11326827

Digital Epidemiology for Epidemic Forecasting: Evaluating Twitter Emotion Signals and Google Symptom Searches Using Prophet and SARIMAX ModelsPreprint

Guigma, T. A., & Brooks, I. S. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.18.26344365

Google arama motoru Türkiye’de Covid-19 salgınının yayılımının izlenmesinde ve tahmininde kullanılabilir mi?

TİRGİL, M., ÇULHA, E., & Demirci, Ş. (2020) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)

UP-Bern: A Unified Progressive Transition Framework for Biomedical Entity Recognition and Normalization

Qiu, Y., Yang, C., & Wang, S. (2025) · Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icdm65498.2025.00160

Artificial intelligence and machine learning in cardiovascular medicine: current applications, clinical evidence, and future directions

Sharma, V., Chawla, G. K., Kukreti, S., Ahuja, K., & Singh, S. (2026) · Exploration of Medicine · doi:10.37349/emed.2026.1001383 · Cited by 3

Topic Modeling of Social Media Sleep Health Discourse Using BERTopic: A Study of Naver Blog Big Data

Song, J. (2026) · Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics · doi:10.21032/jhis.2026.51.1.12

Évaluation des systèmes d'intelligence épidémiologique appliqués à la détection précoce des maladies infectieuses au niveau mondial.

Barboza, P. (2014) · doi:10.70675/4edad970z430cz4294zaa31z16dfffc524ce

Optimisation des stratégies de communication durant les épidémies d'arboviroses

Gaillard, B. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9679f5bfz664cz44dbzaa5dz072ce2ed2bb0

An integrated approach to epidemic intelligence : the importance of pluridisciplinary collaborations in the framework of the development of methods to collect and analyze health data

Mercier, A. (2020) · doi:10.70675/5d722453z037az4b1dz9091zd8d86f4ebc40

ΡreDiViD Τοwards the Ρredictiοn οf the Disseminatiοn οf Viral Disease cοntagiοn in a pandemic setting

Medeiros, G. H. A. (2025) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1e9b2d38z2e4ez4736z82e8zd932f8bdc0fe

Deep Learning Model for Enhanced Surgical Phase Recognition and Tool Detection in Robot Assisted Surgery

R, K. D. P. K. (2026) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research · doi:10.48175/ijetir-9225

Exploring the implementation of AI in intelligent urban environments

Kaur, A., Dhiman, K., Manpreet, K. A. U. R., & Pindal, S. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0329225

A Multi-Stream Epidemiologic Modeling Framework for Population-Level Infectious Disease Exposure EstimationPreprint

Gittens, T. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9826576/v1

Can Routine Health Management Information Systems Serve as Epidemic Early Warning Platforms? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income CountriesPreprint

Luke, M., Oluwasina, F., Joseph, S., Ojedokun, J., Ogbonnaya, C., Ojo, B., Olorunmonu, T., & Olaitan, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9837009/v1

Applications

Pogrebna, G., & Hills, T. T. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108939010.035

Understanding Collective Behaviour Using Online Data and Mobile Phones

Botta, F., Preis, T., & Moat, H. S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108939010.044

Dengue hospitalizations in Brazil: Forecasting with climatic and physicians’ digital search data under real-world reporting delays

Palmer, D. D. O. Q., Motta, M., Moura, E., Xavier, D., Schittine, G., Caseri, A., & Gismondi, R. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001206

Per una riorganizzazione dei servizi di cura orientati alla comunità. Un'analisi di scenario

Venuleo, C., & Mannarini, T. (2026) · PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA · doi:10.3280/psc2024-002003 · Cited by 1

Digidemiology: Conceptual Foundations for the Epidemiology of Digital Pathogens and Psychosocial Contagion (Preprint)Preprint

Nyabadza, F. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.102076

Epidemic Event Extraction from News Media using Large Language Models

Korat, N., Soky, K., Lay, V., Buatoom, U., & Viriyavit, W. (2025) · Conference on Digital Economy and Fintech Innovation (DEFI) · doi:10.1109/defi67526.2025.11551611

EpiGIS pro: an AI-powered geospatial intelligence platform for integrated disease surveillance and predictive analytics

Guo, C., & Scott, P. (2026) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-026-00479-1

Digital Health for Pandemic Preparedness: A Critical Review of Innovations, Equity Gaps, and Governance in Infectious Disease Surveillance

Babamahmoodi, A., Babamahmoodi, F., & Marjani, M. (2026) · International Journal of Infection · doi:10.5812/iji-169286

State of the art artificial intelligence assisted disease detection tools

Das, S. K., Mishra, R., Samanta, A., Roy, S. D., & Sahoo, U. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43934-6.00021-3

Artificial Intelligence in Public Health: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Path Forward

Kulkarni, H. (2026) · Journal of GMC Nagpur · doi:10.5005/jgmc-11030-0028

Development of Innovative Strategies for Early Detection, Prevention, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in the United States Through Integrated Public Health Systems

Ogbu, D. O. F., & Igwama, G. T. (2026) · Global Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.34257/gjmrk259014

Influenza A (H1N1) Virus, 2009 — Online Monitoring

Brownstein, J. S., Freifeld, C. C., & Madoff, L. C. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp0904012 · Cited by 74

Applying informal health reports and search queries for public health monitoring: An evaluation of characteristics, potentials, and requirements of online self-reporting, discussions, and search behaviour

Marques Barros, J. C. (2021) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.13025/16368

Impact of Online Disease Prediction

Kanekar, M. K., & Sawant, D. M. (2022) · International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) · doi:10.21275/mr22619225429

Internet crawler uses unconventional information sources to track infectious disease outbreaks

Mayor, S. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a742 · Cited by 4

Innovative disease surveillance

Brownstein, J. S. (2018) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.3575