The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pregnancy and Infection
Open accessAbstract
Pregnant women have an increased severity of infections with some organisms, including influenza virus, hepatitis E virus, herpes simplex virus, and malaria parasites. This review includes an update on immunologic alterations during pregnancy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The pregnant women are more vulnerable to infections because of their naturally suppressed immune system and are generally considered at increased risk for severe complications [ Kourtis AP et al., 2014 ].”
From MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY ON ANXIETY OF PREGNANT WOMEN DURING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN TEHRAN, IRAN (2025) · cites this paper as Kourtis AP et al., 2014
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The relative suppression of T cell responses that occurs at the end of pregnancy increases the severity of infection with influenza and varicella zoster viruses39.”
From A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wegmann, T. G., Lin, H., Guilbert, L., & Mosmann, T. R. (1993) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90235-d · Cited by 2,852
The complex role of estrogens in inflammation
Straub, R. H. (2007) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0001 · Cited by 1,950
REVIEW ARTICLE: The Immune System in Pregnancy: A Unique Complexity
Mor, G., & Cardenas, I. (2010) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x · Cited by 1,431
Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to Chondroitin Sulfate A in the Human Placenta
Fried, M., & Duffy, P. E. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5267.1502 · Cited by 1,108
Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Illness Among Pregnant Women in the United States
Siston, A. M. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.479 · Cited by 1,031
Medawar, P. B., & Medawar, P. B. (1953) · Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology · Cited by 833
An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa.
Brabin, B. J. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 785
Somerset, D., Zheng, Y., Kilby, M. D., Sansom, D. M., & Drayson, M. T. (2004) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01869.x · Cited by 777
Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis
Robinson, D. P., & Klein, S. L. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023 · Cited by 745
Impact of Influenza on Acute Cardiopulmonary Hospitalizations in Pregnant Women
Neuzil, K. M., Reed, G. W., Mitchel, E. F., Simonsen, L., & Griffin, M. R. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009587 · Cited by 720
Emerging Infections and Pregnancy
Jamieson, D. J., Theiler, R. N., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2006) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1211.060152 · Cited by 588
Self-citationMaternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection
Patra, S., Kumar, A., Trivedi, S. S., Puri, M., & Sarin, S. K. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00005 · Cited by 471
Epidemiology, Malaria and Pregnancy
McGregor, I. A. (1984) · The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.517 · Cited by 452
Intrauterine Infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus after Maternal Varicella
Paryani, S. G., & Arvin, A. M. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198606123142403 · Cited by 450
Kumar, A., Beniwal, M., Kar, P., Sharma, J. B., & Murthy, N. S. (2004) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.11.018 · Cited by 361
Mylonakis, E. E., Paliou, M., Hohmann, E. L., Calderwood, S. B., & Wing, E. J. (2002) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-200207000-00002 · Cited by 358
2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature
Mosby, L. G., Rasmussen, S. A., & Jamieson, D. J. (2011) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.033 · Cited by 343
Self-citationA progesterone-dependent immunomodulatory protein alters the Th1Th2 balance
Szekeres‐Barthó, J., & Wegmann, T. G. (1996) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/0165-0378(96)00964-3 · Cited by 338
Hepatitis E: An overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research
Aggarwal, R., & Krawczynski, K. (2000) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02006.x · Cited by 292
Incidence of Listeriosis and Related Mortality Among Groups at Risk of Acquiring Listeriosis
Goulet, V., Hebert, M., Hedberg, C. W., Laurent, E., Vaillant, V., de Valk, H., & Desenclos, J. C. (2011) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cir902 · Cited by 276
The influence of pregnancy on systemic immunity
Pazos, M. A., SPERLING, R. S., Moran, T. M., & Kraus, T. (2012) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-012-8303-9 · Cited by 256
Silk, B. J., Date, K., Jackson, K. A., Pouillot, R., Holt, K. G., Graves, L. M., Ong, S. K., Hurd, S., Meyer, R., Marcus, R., et al. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis268 · Cited by 244
Kraus, T., Engel, S. M., SPERLING, R. S., Kellerman, L., Lo, Y., Wallenstein, S. R., Escribese, M. M., Garrido, J. L. V., Singh, T., Loubeau, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-011-9627-2 · Cited by 220
The Epidemiology of Listeriosis in the United States—1986
Gellin, B. G., Broome, C. V., Bibb, W. F., Weaver, R. E., Gaventa, S., & Mascola, L. (1991) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115893 · Cited by 217
Haake, D. A., Zakowski, P. C., Haake, D. L., & Bryson, Y. J. (1990) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/12.5.788 · Cited by 209
Triebwasser, J. H., Harris, R. E., Bryant, R. E., & Rhoades, E. R. (1967) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-196709000-00003 · Cited by 196
Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region
Rijken, M. J., McGready, R., Boel, M. E., Poespoprodjo, R., Singh, N., Syafruddin, D., Rogerson, S., & Nosten, F. (2012) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70315-2 · Cited by 181
Dauby, N., Goetghebuer, T., Kollmann, T. R., Lévy, J., & Marchant, A. (2012) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70341-3 · Cited by 177
Aetiology and prognostic factors in acute liver failure in India
Khuroo, M. S., & Kamili, S. (2003) · Journal of Viral Hepatitis · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00415.x · Cited by 175
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Activation of TLR3 in the Trophoblast is Associated with Preterm Delivery
Koga, K., Cardenas, I., Aldo, P. B., Abrahams, V. M., Peng, B., Malfertheiner, S. F., Romero, R. J., & Mor, G. (2009) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00682.x · Cited by 170
The thymus in pregnancy: the interplay of neural, endocrine and immune influences
Clarke, A. G., & Kendall, M. D. (1994) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(94)90212-7 · Cited by 140
Selective Estrogen Receptor-β Agonists Repress Transcription of Proinflammatory Genes
Čvoro, A., Tatomer, D. C., Tee, M. K., Zogovic-Kapsalis, T., Harris, H. A., & Leitman, D. C. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.630 · Cited by 139
Lissauer, D. M., Piper, K., Goodyear, O. C., Kilby, M. D., & Moss, P. A. H. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1200544 · Cited by 137
Siegel, M. (1973) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.226.13.1521 · Cited by 135
Falciparum malaria and pregnancy
Bray, R. S., & Anderson, M. J. (1979) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(79)90170-6 · Cited by 124
Foodborne Infections during Pregnancy
Smith, L. (1999) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-62.7.818 · Cited by 120
Pouillot, R., Hoelzer, K., Jackson, K. A., Henao, O. L., & Silk, B. J. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis269 · Cited by 109
Coccidioidomycosis During Pregnancy: A Review and Recommendations for Management
Bercovitch, R. S., Catanzaro, A., Schwartz, B. S., Pappagianis, D., Watts, D. H., & Ampel, N. M. (2011) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cir410 · Cited by 106
Zoller, A. L., Schnell, F. J., & Kersh, G. J. (2007) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02559.x · Cited by 100
Immunology of pregnancy—pregnancy as a remission inducing agent in rheumatoid arthritis
Østensen, M., & Villiger, P. M. (2002) · Transplant Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00017-5 · Cited by 100
Herpes Simplex Hepatitis in Pregnancy
Kang, A. H., & Graves, C. R. (1999) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-199907000-00026 · Cited by 95
Lindsay, L., Jackson, L. A., Savitz, D. A., Weber, D. J., Koch, G. G., Kong, L., & Guess, H. A. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj095 · Cited by 90
Prevalence and risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant women of eastern Sudan
Adam, I., Khamis, A. H., & Elbashir, M. I. (2005) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-18 · Cited by 89
Plasmodium vivax Adherence to Placental Glycosaminoglycans
Chotivanich, K., Udomsangpetch, R., Suwanarusk, R., Pukrittayakamee, S., Wilairatana, P., Beeson, J. G., Day, N. P. J., & White, N. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034509 · Cited by 88
Brown, Z. A., Vontver, L. A., Benedetti, J., Critchlow, C. W., Hickok, D. E., Sells, C. J., Berry, S., & Corey, L. (1985) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(85)90584-8 · Cited by 87
Herpes Simplex Viral Hepatitis in Adults: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature
Chase, R. A., Pottage, J. C., Haber, M. H., Gs, K., Jensen, D. M., & Levin, S. (1987) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/9.2.329 · Cited by 81
Impaired type I and III interferon response to rhinovirus infection during pregnancy and asthma
Forbes, R. L., Gibson, P. G., Murphy, V. E., & Wark, P. A. B. (2011) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200708 · Cited by 79
SPERLING, R. S., Engel, S. M., Wallenstein, S. R., Kraus, T., Garrido, J. L. V., Singh, T., Kellerman, L., & Moran, T. M. (2012) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e318244ed20 · Cited by 78
Varicella-zoster virus infection in pregnancy.
Enders, G. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 78
Dissemination of coccidioidomycosis in pregnancy
Smale, L. E., & Waechter, K. G. (1970) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90557-0 · Cited by 73
Vaccines in Pregnant Women and Research Initiatives
Healy, C. M. (2012) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e31824f3acb · Cited by 72
Menéndez, C. (2006) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/156652406776055186 · Cited by 70
Chickenpox pneumonia: an association with pregnancy.
Esmonde, T., Herdman, G., & Anderson, G. (1989) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.44.10.812 · Cited by 68
Coccidioidomycosis during Pregnancy
Wack, E. E., Ampel, N. M., Galgiani, J. N., & Bronnimann, D. A. (1988) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.94.2.376 · Cited by 63
Chickenpox pneumonia: an association with pregnancy.
Rogerson, S. J., Nye, F. J., & Beeching, N. J. (1990) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.45.3.239 · Cited by 61
Ohfuji, S., Fukushima, W., Deguchi, M., Kawabata, K., Yoshida, H., Hatayama, H., Maeda, A., & Hirota, Y. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir026 · Cited by 59
Constantin, C. M., Masopust, D., Gourley, T. S., Grayson, J. M., Strickland, O. L., Ahmed, R., & Bonney, E. A. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4383 · Cited by 56
PNEUMOCOCCIC PNEUMONIAS COMPLICATING PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM
Finland, M., & Dublin, T. D. (1939) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1939.02800110007002 · Cited by 49
Coccidioidomycosis as a complication of pregnancy.
Vaughan, J. E., & Ramirez, H. (1951) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Taylor, S. M., van Eijk, A. M., Hand, C. C., Mwandagalirwa, K., Messina, J. P., Tshefu, A. K., Atua, B., Emch, M., Muwonga, J. M., Meshnick, S. R., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir625 · Cited by 41
Malaria in Pregnancy and the Newborn
Rogerson, S. J. (2009) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0981-7_12 · Cited by 40
Herpes Simplex Virus Hepatitis Causing Acute Liver Dysfunction and Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy
Allen, R. H., & TUOMALA, R. E. (2005) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000160481.11517.a0 · Cited by 40
Coccidioidomycosis in Pregnancy During an Epidemic in California
Caldwell, J. W., ARSURA, E. L., KILGORE, W. B., GARCIA, A. L., REDDY, V., & JOHNSON, R. H. (2000) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00484-6 · Cited by 38
Risk factors for malaria in pregnancy in an urban and peri-urban population in western Kenya
van Eijk, A. M., Ayisi, J., ter Kuile, F. O., Misore, A. O., Otieno, J. A., Rosen, D. H., Kager, P. A., Steketee, R. W., & Nahlen, B. L. (2002) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90319-6 · Cited by 38
Plasmodium vivax Malaria during Pregnancy, Bolivia
Brutus, L., Santalla, J., Schneider, D., Avila, J. C., & Deloron, P. (2013) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1910.130308 · Cited by 34
Gestational Herpes Simplex Virus Hepatitis
Yaziji, H., HILL, T., Pitman, T. C., COOK, C. R., & SCHRODT, G. R. (1997) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199703000-00019 · Cited by 25
Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnant women: impact of early diagnosis and antiviral treatment
Cervantes-Gonzalez, M., & Launay, O. (2010) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/eri.10.83 · Cited by 25
Hospitalization of pregnant women with pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza in Canada
Rolland-Harris, E., VACHON, J., KROPP, R., Frood, J., MORRIS, K., Pelletier, L., & Rodin, R. (2011) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268811001737 · Cited by 23
Gilles, H. M., Lawson, J., Sibellas, M., Voller, A., & Allan, N. C. (1969) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(69)90062-5 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Vaughan JE, 1951, Calif Med, 74, 121
- Enders G, 1984, Prog Med Virol, 29, 166
- Brabin BJ, 1983, Bull World Health Organ, 61, 1005
- Medawar P, 1953, Symp Soc Exp Biol, 7, 320
- Cardenas I, 2009, Am J Reprod Immunol, 61, 397
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments
Pollard, A. J., & Bijker, E. M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7 · Cited by 1,593
The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy
Mor, G., Aldo, P., & Alvero, A. B. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.64 · Cited by 1,041
Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, H., Duan, C.-C., Li, C., Fan, J., Li, H., Chen, L., Xu, H., Li, X., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.009 · Cited by 738
Maternal Immunological Adaptation During Normal Pregnancy
Abu-Raya, B., Michalski, C., Sadarangani, M., & Lavoie, P. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.575197 · Cited by 705
Clinical Framework and Medical Countermeasure Use During an Anthrax Mass-Casualty Incident
by, P., Bower, W. A., Hendricks, K. A., Pillai, S. K., Guarnizo, J. T., & Meaney‐Delman, D. M. (2015) · MMWR Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6404a1 · Cited by 585
Metadata
- Authors
- Kourtis, A. P., Read, J. S., & Jamieson, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2014-06-05
- Volume
- 370
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2211-2218
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC4459512
- OpenAlex
- W2093544337
- Cited by
- 850
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 20
- FWCI
- 7.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and Maternal Infections
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus research
- Keywords
- pregnancy, infection in pregnancy, influenza virus, hepatitis E virus, herpes simplex virus, Plasmodium
- MeSH terms
- Communicable Diseases, Female, Herpes Simplex, Humans, Influenza, Human, Listeriosis, Malaria, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Severity of Illness Index, Hepatitis E
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review