The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 116 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Marketing research using single-item indicators in structural equation models
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, single-item measures can be a valid, psychometrically sound alternative to multi-item measures (Fuchs & Diamantopoulos, 2009;Petrescu, 2013).”
From Sources and effects of foreign language enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom: A structural equation modeling approach (2023) · cites this paper as Petrescu, 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling
Tabri, N., & Elliott, C. M. (2012) · Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology · doi:10.15353/cgjsc.v1i1.3787 · Cited by 39,094
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
Herne, H., Cooley, W. W., & Lohnes, P. R. (1973) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344428 · Cited by 35,801
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Churchill, G. A. (1979) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377901600110 · Cited by 16,549
Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research
Brown, T. A. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2769 · Cited by 15,621
Hanrahan, G. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420067972-10 · Cited by 8,196
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 116 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Blasco, M.F., Saura, I.G., Contri, G.B. and Velazquez, B.M. (2011) Measuring multidimensional e-service quality and its impact on customer perceived value and loyalty. Journal of Marketing Trends 1 (6): 23–34.
- Nunnally, J.C. (1978) Psychometric Theory 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 279
Why own when you can access? Motivations for engaging in collaborative consumption
Stevens, J. L., Johnson, C., & Gleim, M. R. (2022) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2021.1985939 · Cited by 16
Religiosity scales in marketing research
Minton, E. A. (2023) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-05-2022-0403 · Cited by 14
Li, X., Zou, J., Agrawal, S., Guo, Y., Tang, T., & Feng, X. (2024) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-024-10508-2 · Cited by 14
Samoggia, A., Rossi, G., Fantini, A., Mouchtaropoulou, E., & Argiriou, N. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41285 · Cited by 14
Chang, M., Schaffir, J., Brown, R., & Wegener, D. T. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.031 · Cited by 14
What Matters? Exploring Drivers of Basic and Complex Adjustments to Tornadoes Among College Students
Huntsman, D., Wu, H., & Greer, A. (2021) · Weather Climate and Society · doi:10.1175/wcas-d-21-0008.1 · Cited by 14
Hilpert, J. C., Bernacki, M. L., & Cogliano, M. (2021) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2021.1936702 · Cited by 16
Pietersen, M., & Botha, M. (2021) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-05-2020-0288 · Cited by 9
Self-management in liver transplantation
Ko, D., Bratzke, L. C., Muehrer, R. J., & Brown, R. (2018) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2018.11.002 · Cited by 16
Privacy paradox in the mobile environment: The influence of the emotions
Sarabia-Sánchez, F. J., Terrón, J. M. A., & Martínez, I. J. M. (2019) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2019.mar.12 · Cited by 17
Sun, B., Liu, Y., Chan, W. W. H., Zhang, C. X., & Chen, X. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13031279 · Cited by 14
The role of perceived coaching behaviours on sport performance among female aesthetic group gymnasts
Koka, A., Tilga, H., Põder, T., Kalajas-Tilga, H., Hein, V., & Raudsepp, L. (2020) · Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis · doi:10.12697/akut.2020.26.02 · Cited by 13
Impact of Industry 4.0 on firms' sustainable development in the GCC economies
Rehman, S. U., Hamdan, Y. H., & Sindhu, M. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.14488/bjopm.2166.2024 · Cited by 13
Hügel, S., & Kreutzer, M. (2019) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s136391962050022x · Cited by 15
Associations of humor, morale, and unit cohesion on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
Ward, R. N., Carlson, K. J. E., Erickson, A. J., Yalch, M. M., & Brown, L. M. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1996103 · Cited by 18
Hamin, H., Tung, R. L., Baumann, C., & Hoadley, S. (2016) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2016.1258002 · Cited by 13
Yu, X., Zhang, T., & Bogers, M. L. A. M. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00414 · Cited by 12
Seyd, B. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198896449.001.0001 · Cited by 14
Tluczek, A., Levy, H., Rock, M. J., Ondoma, C., & Brown, R. (2019) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840719842834 · Cited by 12
Havers, L., Cardno, A. G., Freeman, D. H., & Ronald, A. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac009 · Cited by 15
Energized or distressed by time pressure? The role of time pressure illegitimacy
Kern, M., Semmer, N. K., & Baethge, A. (2023) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2023.2198708 · Cited by 14
Pirralha, A. (2017) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1661-x · Cited by 12
Nusair, K., Al-Azri, H. M., Alfarhan, U. F., & Al-Muharrami, S. M. (2021) · Review of International Business and Strategy · doi:10.1108/ribs-02-2021-0038 · Cited by 12
Agu, A. G. (2022) · Journal of Marketing for Higher Education · doi:10.1080/08841241.2022.2101171 · Cited by 10
Brückner, K., Emberger‐Klein, A., & Menrad, K. (2024) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-01-2024-0105 · Cited by 13
Can we get back together? Measuring brand relationship breakup
Lopez, A. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1895 · Cited by 11
Blanco‐Encomienda, F. J., & Rosillo-Díaz, E. (2021) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03794-x · Cited by 13
Chen, H. S., Jai, T.-M. C., & Yuan, J. J. (2017) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-07-2015-0367 · Cited by 11
Consumer behavior toward virtual wine experiences as a technology-based sustainable transformation
Gastaldello, G., Rossetto, L., & Giampietri, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1384011 · Cited by 10
Development and Validation of the Affective Polarization Scale
McMurtrie, B. L., Philipp, M. C., Hebden, R. T., & Williams, M. N. (2024) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.926 · Cited by 15
Retail store community and its impact on store success
Peters, C. O., & Bodkin, C. D. (2021) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-05-2020-0165 · Cited by 10
Groza, M. P., & Groza, M. D. (2021) · Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing · doi:10.1080/10495142.2021.1926043 · Cited by 17
Integrated Moral Conviction Theory of Student Cheating: An Empirical Test
Roberts, F., Thomas, C. H., Novičević, M. M., Ammeter, A. P., Garner, B. L., Johnson, P., & Popoola, I. T. (2017) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/1052562917710686 · Cited by 11
Determinants of religious tourists’ social media usage behaviour
Caber, M., Drori, N., Albayrak, T., & Simonetti, B. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2278747 · Cited by 9
Prokop, V., Rehman, F. U., Karman, A., Giglio, C., Dmytrenko, D., & Hojnik, J. (2025) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.3245 · Cited by 9
Qiu, J., Zuo, M., Wang, J., & Cai, C. (2021) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24475 · Cited by 8
Doyle, J. P., Su, Y., Kelly, S. J., Filo, K., & Kunkel, T. (2024) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1080/14413523.2024.2442188 · Cited by 8
Gastaldello, G., Streletskaya, N. A., & Rossetto, L. (2023) · International Journal of Wine Business Research · doi:10.1108/ijwbr-03-2022-0011 · Cited by 8
Cataldo, R., Grassia, M. G., & Lauro, C. N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37772-3_9 · Cited by 8
Perceived stress linking psychosocial factors and depressive symptoms in low-income mothers
Chang, M., Brown, R., & Wegener, D. T. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10118-4 · Cited by 12
Mussel, P., de Vries, J. H., Spengler, M., Frintrup, A., Ziegler, M. D., & Hewig, J. S. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221090101 · Cited by 9
Domínguez-Lara, S. (2017) · Educación Médica · doi:10.1016/j.edumed.2017.04.004 · Cited by 8
Penal Substitutionary Atonement and Concern for Suffering: An Empirical Study
Hydinger, K. R., Sandage, S. J., Jankowski, P. J., & Rambo, S. (2017) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711704500103 · Cited by 7
Wilson, G. A., Case, T., Dobni, C. B., & Liguori, E. W. (2023) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-10-2022-1337 · Cited by 7
Active and Reactive Value Dimensions: A Dynamic-Based Perspective in the Hotel Sector
Gallarza, M. G., Sánchez‐Fernández, R., Moreno, F., & Chiappa, G. D. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348020988313 · Cited by 7
Hwang, J., Kim, S. W., & Park, H. (2021) · Journal of Patient Safety · doi:10.1097/pts.0000000000000866 · Cited by 7
Factors predicting pro-environmental behavior: the case of baby diapers
Amelia, N., & Saragih, H. S. (2023) · Journal of Social Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsocm-03-2022-0062 · Cited by 7
Chuang, Y., Chiang, H.-L., & Lin, A.-P. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04583-4 · Cited by 7
Knobloch, L. K., & Basinger, E. D. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12447 · Cited by 7
Information asymmetries in intrafamily business succession
Wolff, S., Schell, S., & Moog, P. (2020) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/2340944420942525 · Cited by 7
Social Media Word of Mouth and Masstige Purchase Behaviour
Burhanudin, B., & Septianti, F. D. (2024) · Central European Business Review · doi:10.18267/j.cebr.372 · Cited by 6
Self-efficacy or perceived behavioral control: which influences bank-switching intention?
Bortne, Ø., Bjørnestad, J. R., Arnestad, M. N., Tjora, T., & Brønnick, K. (2025) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-025-00408-4 · Cited by 17
Schulte, N., Nussbaum, J. A., Kanbach, D. K., Steinhoff, M. M., & Kraus, S. (2026) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103338 · Cited by 8
Konradt, U., Nath, A., Krys, S., & Heblich, F. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00948-9 · Cited by 11
A new approach to understanding involvement: linking involvement to the memorability of experience
Akhoondnejad, A., Rosin, C., & Brennan, C. S. (2024) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-024-00295-1 · Cited by 7
Muni, M. S. H., Khan, M. A., Zafri, N. M., & Chowdhury, M. M. H. (2024) · Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jrtpm.2024.100485 · Cited by 6
The effect of social media engagement on telemedicine adoption: an empirical study
Dass, J., Yeravdekar, R., & Singh, A. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-08-2023-0072 · Cited by 6
To be or not to be…at work while ill
MacGregor, J. B., & Cunningham, J. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-02-2018-0007 · Cited by 6
Benefits of Child Behavior Interventions for Parent Well-Being
Tømmerås, T., Kjøbli, J., & Forgatch, M. (2018) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12344 · Cited by 5
He, Q., Ha, A. S. C., Ng, J. Y. Y., Cairney, J., & Bedard, C. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102200 · Cited by 6
How to Make Using Two-Way Mechanisms Routine: Testing a Preliminary Model
Liao, Y. (2018) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2018.1444645 · Cited by 6
Cognition or interaction? Mediating factors influencing online group open collaboration
Zuo, M., Qiu, J., & Wang, J. (2023) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-08-2021-0566 · Cited by 5
Hur, J. W. (2025) · Virtual Worlds · doi:10.3390/virtualworlds4020012 · Cited by 7
Zhao, J., Hu, S., He, H., & Chen, J. (2019) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-019-9832-1 · Cited by 5
What makes a brand interesting? Why care?
Alexandrov, A., & Pollack, B. L. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-03-2019-3117 · Cited by 5
Product meanings as drivers of sport consumer behavior: evidence from the Greek sport industry
Papadimitriou, D. A., Apostolopoulou, A., Branvold, S. E., & Gargalianos, D. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship · doi:10.1108/ijsms-01-2020-0012 · Cited by 5
Huntsman, D., Greer, A., Murphy, H., & Li, X. (2022) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2022.2075895 · Cited by 9
Amer, F., Kurnianto, A. A., Alkaiyat, A. S., Endrei, D., & Boncz, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1115403 · Cited by 5
How to really quantify the economic value of customer information in corporate databases
Lamela-Orcasitas, C., & de Madariaga, J. G. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01654-6 · Cited by 5
Bauernschmidt, V., Beitz, B., & Schröder, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainability · doi:10.3389/frsus.2023.1231731 · Cited by 7
Iwu, C. G., Osakwe, C. N., & Ajayi, J. O. (2015) · Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis · doi:10.11118/actaun201563051661 · Cited by 5
Cheng, H. (2021) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-09-2019-0406 · Cited by 5
Arslan, F., & Dayyala, N. (2017) · Journal of Information Privacy and Security · doi:10.1080/15536548.2017.1412114 · Cited by 4
Peters, C. O., & Bodkin, C. D. (2021) · International Journal of Online Marketing · doi:10.4018/ijom.288424 · Cited by 5
Shaping air taxi adoption: Unraveling the interplay of travel patterns and attitudes
Su, J., Hong, D., Guo, M., Lee, E., & Jang, S. (2026) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2026.101724 · Cited by 4
Impact of Work from Home and Family Support on Indian Women’s Work Productivity During COVID-19
Kundra, S., Sreen, N., & Dwivedi, R. (2023) · Vikalpa The Journal for Decision Makers · doi:10.1177/02560909231162918 · Cited by 12
Wolverton, C. C., & Lanier, P. A. (2018) · Advances in IT standards and standardization research (AISSR) book series/Advances in IT standards and standardization research series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7214-5.ch018 · Cited by 4
Electronic Word of Mouth Effects on Middle East Destination Overall Image and Behavioral Intention
Alfandi, A. M., & Valeri, M. (2021) · Advances in hospitality, tourism and the services industry (AHTSI) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3889-3.ch009 · Cited by 4
Consumer complaint intentions: the impact of general and specific self-confidence
Öney, E., & Aghaei, İ. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-022-00203-5 · Cited by 4
Yustisia, W., Putra, I. E., & Hakim, M. A. (2023) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12355 · Cited by 4
Xu, X., & Cheng, G. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16062256 · Cited by 4
Ítem único de ansiedad ante exámenes: análisis con modelos de ecuaciones estructurales
Domínguez-Lara, S. (2017) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2017.03.013 · Cited by 4
Teoh, K. (2018) · BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) · doi:10.18743/pub.00040322 · Cited by 4
Mita, A. F., Setyaningrum, D., & Rosdini, D. (2025) · International Journal of Disclosure and Governance · doi:10.1057/s41310-025-00323-1 · Cited by 3
Azevedo, B. O., de Lira, M. R., Nogueira, H. C., Berg, R., Pagé, M. G., Younger, J., Silva, G. Z. M., & Chaves, T. C. (2025) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2025.103471 · Cited by 3
Treating customers as individuals in online retail
Golovacheva, K. S., Gogua, M. M., Smirnova, M., & Николаевна, А. О. (2022) · Russian Management Journal · doi:10.21638/spbu18.2022.204 · Cited by 3
Firm policies and employees’ participation in conversation about their employer on social media
Bosco, B. D., Mazzucchelli, A., & Chierici, R. (2023) · Italian Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1007/s43039-023-00074-3 · Cited by 3
The Fairness of Pricing Tactics for Hotels: Perceptions of Romanian Customers
Ţuclea, C.-E., Vrânceanu, D. M., & NASTASE, C. E. (2018) · Amfiteatru Economic · doi:10.24818/ea/2018/s12/905 · Cited by 3
Chen‐Yu, J. H., Elkins, A. D., & Norton, M. J. T. (2020) · Clothing and Textiles Research Journal · doi:10.1177/0887302x20923729 · Cited by 3
Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Chemistry Self-Concept Inventory Using Rasch Modeling
Werner, S. M., Chen, Y., & Stieff, M. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00436 · Cited by 4
Freeman, S., Lawhon, B., Newman, P., & Taff, B. D. (2021) · Journal of Interpretation Research · doi:10.1177/10925872211065037 · Cited by 3
Temesi, Á., Lakner, Z., & Unger-Plasek, B. (2023) · International Journal of Wine Business Research · doi:10.1108/ijwbr-10-2022-0038 · Cited by 3
The effect of the public sphere on formal and informal institutions related to entrepreneurship
Martín, M. Á. G., Picazo, M. T. M., & Pérez-Pujol, R.-S. (2026) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-026-01009-w · Cited by 2
Recognizing the Involvement of Satisfaction in Nurturing Habits of Travel Mode Use
Hoang-Tung, N. (2023) · International Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research · doi:10.1007/s13177-023-00353-5 · Cited by 2
Chia, H. M., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2023.2204103 · Cited by 2
Kim, H. S., & Chung, M.-Y. (2024) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2024.2343472 · Cited by 2
Anchoring code understandability evaluations through task descriptions
Wyrich, M., Merz, L., & Graziotin, D. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC) · doi:10.1145/3524610.3527904 · Cited by 2
MINAMI, Y., Sato, H., & Ichikohji, T. (2023) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919623500408 · Cited by 2
A single-item measure of test anxiety: Analysis with structural equation modeling
Domínguez-Lara, S. (2017) · Enfermería Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.enfcle.2017.03.015 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Petrescu, M.
- Affiliations
- Nova Southeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Petrescu, Maria
- ORCID
- Petrescu, Maria
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Analytics
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 99-117
- ISSN
- 2050-3318 (ISSN-L)
- 2050-3326
- OpenAlex
- W2015980393
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Analytics (publishedVersion)
- NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
- Keywords
- single-item measures, structural equation modeling, construct measurement, marketing research methodology, measurement validity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review