The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 25 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Not a victimless crime: The impact of fraud on individual victims and their families
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of scams remain unreported (Button et al. 2014)”
From “If We Don’t Listen to Them, We Make Them Lose More than Money:” Exploring Reasons for Underreporting and the Needs of Older Scam Victims (2023) · cites this paper as Button et al. 2014
In the citing paper
“Despite these differences, the evidence synthesized in this review suggests that multiple fraud modalities share common psychological consequences following victimization, including distress, shame, and diminished trust (Button et al., 2014).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Dismissive responses, perceived blame, or bureaucratic barriers may exacerbate distress and discourage help-seeking among victims (Cross et al., 2016; Button et al., 2014).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Complementing these findings, qualitative and mixed-methods studies documented emotionally salient and relational consequences, including shame, self-blame, trauma-like responses, and disruptions in family and social functioning, which often persisted beyond the resolution of financial losses (Button et al., 2014; Whitty and Buchanan, 2016; Cole, 2024).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Victims often report guilt, shame, embarrassment, severe stress and anxiety, trouble sleeping, relationship trouble, divorce, and indebtedness (Button et al. 2014;Cross 2015;FINRA Investor Education Foundation 2015;Knüpfer et al. 2021).”
From Profiling consumers who reported mass marketing scams: demographic characteristics and emotional sentiments associated with victimization (2024) · cites this paper as Button et al. 2014
In the citing paper
“Impacts of victimhood ripple out to families of victims (Button, Lewis, and Tapley 2014).”
From The Language of Romance Crimes (2024) · cites this paper as Button, Lewis, and Tapley 2014
In the citing paper
“Victims often experienced shame, embarrassment, and self-blame, internalizing responsibility and interpreting victimization as a personal failure”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Victims reported heightened suspicion, difficulties maintaining relationships, and tension or conflict within families and social networks”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Drawing on the empirical evidence summarized in Table 1 and the cross-regional synthesis presented in Table 2, this systematic review demonstrated that fraud victimization is associated with substantial and multifaceted mental health and psychosocial consequences.”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Across regions (Table 2), shame and self-blame were consistently associated with prolonged distress, strained family relationships, and disruptions in social functioning, suggesting that stigma-related mechanisms influence recovery trajectories following fraud victimization (Button et al., 2014; Borwell et al., 2025).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
Citations
Cites
A Theoretical Perspective for Understanding Reactions to Victimization
Janoff‐Bulman, R., & Frieze, I. H. (1983) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00138.x · Cited by 696
Organized fraud and organizing frauds
Levi, M. (2008) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895808096470 · Cited by 149
Lurigio, A. J. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 138
Measuring the Impact of Fraud in the UK: A Conceptual and Empirical Journey
Levi, M., & Burrows, J. (2007) · British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azn001 · Cited by 134
Understanding White Collar Crime
Strader, J. K. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 116
Crime Victims: Theory, Policy and Practice
Spalek, B. (2016) · University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) · Cited by 113
Understanding White Collar Crime
Croall, H. (2001) · Cited by 111
Fraud typologies and the victims of fraud: literature review
Button, M., Lewis, C., & Tapley, J. (2009) · Cited by 89
Self-citationDeem, D. L. (2000) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1300/j084v12n02_05 · Cited by 89
Stress: Perspectives and Processes
Bartlett, D. (1998) · Cited by 81
The Phantom Capitalists: The Organization and Control of Long-Firm Fraud
Clinard, M. B., & Levi, M. (1984) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/590560 · Cited by 80
Spalek, B. (2006) · doi:10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8 · Cited by 76
Davies, P. A., Francis, P., & Greer, C. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446212202.n1 · Cited by 75
The Behavioural, Emotional and Psychological Effects of Street Robbery on Victims
Gale, J.-A., & Coupe, T. (2005) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/026975800501200101 · Cited by 73
Victims of fraud: comparing victims of white collar and violent crime.
Ganzini, L. K., McFarland, B. H., & Bloom, J. D. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 71
Victims of White-Collar and Corporate Crime
Croall, H. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446212202.n4 · Cited by 58
Spalek, B. (1999) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/026975809900600304 · Cited by 56
Duffield, G., & Grabosky, P. N. (2001) · Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice · Cited by 53
Confidence in the criminal justice system: findings from the 2000 British crime survey.
Smyth, L. (2016) · Books | European Encyclopedia of Law · Cited by 44
(2009) · Cited by 33
Self-citationConfidence in the criminal justice system
Indermaur, D., & Roberts, L. D. (2009) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 32
Levi, M., & Pithouse, A. (1992) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-22044-1_10 · Cited by 19
Whyte, D. (2012) · Willan eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203118207-27 · Cited by 15
Support for the victims of fraud: an assessment of the current infrastructure in England and Wales
Button, M., Lewis, C., & Tapley, J. (2009) · Cited by 6
Self-citationWinterdyk, J. A., & Filipuzzi, N. (2009) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/026975800901600305 · Cited by 4
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Button, M., Lewis, C. and Tapley, J. (2009c) Fraud Typologies and Victims of Fraud. London: National Fraud Authority.
- Doig, A. (2006) Fraud. Cullompton, UK: Willan.
- Fraud Review Team. (2006) Final Report. London: The Legal Secretariat to the Law Offices.
- Levi, M. (1999) The impact of fraud. Criminal Justice Matters 36 (1): 5–7.
- Levi, M. (2001) White collar crime victimisation. In: N. Shover and J.P. Wright (eds.) Crimes of Privilege. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Pascoe, T., Owen, K., Keats, G. and Gill, M. (2006) Identity Fraud: What about the Victim. Leicester, UK: Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International.
- Shichor, D., Sechrest, D. and Doocy, J. (2001) Victims of investment fraud. In: H.N. Pontell and D. Shichor (eds.) Contemporary Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Gilbert Geis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Slapper, G. and Tombs, S. (1999) Corporate Crime. London: Longman.
- Tapley, J. (2003) From ‘good citizen’ to ‘deserving client’: The relationship between victims of violent crime and the sate using citizenship as the conceptualising tool. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Southampton.
- Titus, R.M. and Gover, A.R. (2001) Personal fraud: The victims and the scams. Crime Prevention Studies 12 (1): 133–151.
- Tombs, S. and Whyte, D. (2007) Safety Crimes. Cullompton, UK: Willan.
- Walklate, S. (2007a) Introduction and overview. In: S. Walklate (ed.) Handbook of Victimology. Cullompton, UK: Willan, pp. 1–10.
- Walklate, S. (2007b) Imagining the Victim. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw Hill/Open University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The online dating romance scam: causes and consequences of victimhood
Buchanan, T., & Whitty, M. T. (2014) · Psychology, Crime & Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2013.772180 · Cited by 229
Whitty, M. T., & Buchanan, T. (2016) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895815603773 · Cited by 200
Online frauds: Learning from victims why they fall for these scams
Button, M., Nicholls, C. M., Kerr, J., & Owen, R. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/0004865814521224 · Cited by 193
Self-citationShao, J., Zhang, Q., Ren, Y., Li, X., & Lin, T. (2019) · Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1080/08946566.2019.1625842 · Cited by 151
Predicting susceptibility to cyber-fraud victimhood
Whitty, M. T. (2019) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-10-2017-0095 · Cited by 121
Metadata
- Authors
- Button, M., Lewis, C., & Tapley, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Button, Mark
- Venue
- Security Journal
- Published
- 2012-04-23
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-54
- ISSN
- 0955-1662 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-4645
- OpenAlex
- W1989454713
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 8.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Security Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- fraud, fraud victims, victim impact, financial hardship, psychological impact, mental health, physical health, family relationships, reputational damage, victim profile
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
