Not a victimless crime: The impact of fraud on individual victims and their families
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The vast majority of scams remain unreported.
“The vast majority of scams remain unreported (Button et al. 2014)”
From “If We Don’t Listen to Them, We Make Them Lose More than Money:” Exploring Reasons for Underreporting and the Needs of Older Scam Victims (2023) · cites this paper as Button et al. 2014
Multiple fraud modalities share common psychological consequences following victimization, including distress, shame, and diminished trust.
“Despite these differences, the evidence synthesized in this review suggests that multiple fraud modalities share common psychological consequences following victimization, including distress, shame, and diminished trust (Button et al., 2014).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
Dismissive responses, perceived blame, or bureaucratic barriers may exacerbate distress and discourage help-seeking among victims.
“Dismissive responses, perceived blame, or bureaucratic barriers may exacerbate distress and discourage help-seeking among victims (Cross et al., 2016; Button et al., 2014).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
Qualitative and mixed-methods studies documented emotionally salient and relational consequences, including shame, self-blame, trauma-like responses, and disruptions in family and social functioning, which often persisted beyond the resolution of financial losses.
“Complementing these findings, qualitative and mixed-methods studies documented emotionally salient and relational consequences, including shame, self-blame, trauma-like responses, and disruptions in family and social functioning, which often persisted beyond the resolution of financial losses (Button et al., 2014; Whitty and Buchanan, 2016; Cole, 2024).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
Victims often report guilt, shame, embarrassment, severe stress and anxiety, trouble sleeping, relationship trouble, divorce, and indebtedness.
“Victims often report guilt, shame, embarrassment, severe stress and anxiety, trouble sleeping, relationship trouble, divorce, and indebtedness (Button et al. 2014;Cross 2015;FINRA Investor Education Foundation 2015;Knüpfer et al. 2021).”
From Profiling consumers who reported mass marketing scams: demographic characteristics and emotional sentiments associated with victimization (2024) · cites this paper as Button et al. 2014
Impacts of victimhood ripple out to families of victims.
“Impacts of victimhood ripple out to families of victims (Button, Lewis, and Tapley 2014).”
From The Language of Romance Crimes (2024) · cites this paper as Button, Lewis, and Tapley 2014
Victims often experienced shame, embarrassment, and self-blame, internalizing responsibility and interpreting victimization as a personal failure.
“Victims often experienced shame, embarrassment, and self-blame, internalizing responsibility and interpreting victimization as a personal failure”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
Victims reported heightened suspicion, difficulties maintaining relationships, and tension or conflict within families and social networks.
“Victims reported heightened suspicion, difficulties maintaining relationships, and tension or conflict within families and social networks”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
Fraud victimization is associated with substantial and multifaceted mental health and psychosocial consequences, including elevated psychological distress, depressive and anxiety symptoms, shame, interpersonal trust erosion, and reduced quality of life, across quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies.
“Drawing on the empirical evidence summarized in Table 1 and the cross-regional synthesis presented in Table 2, this systematic review demonstrated that fraud victimization is associated with substantial and multifaceted mental health and psychosocial consequences.”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
Across regions, shame and self-blame were consistently associated with prolonged distress, strained family relationships, and disruptions in social functioning, suggesting that stigma-related mechanisms influence recovery trajectories following fraud victimization.
“Across regions (Table 2), shame and self-blame were consistently associated with prolonged distress, strained family relationships, and disruptions in social functioning, suggesting that stigma-related mechanisms influence recovery trajectories following fraud victimization (Button et al., 2014; Borwell et al., 2025).”
From Mental health and psychosocial sequelae of fraud victimization: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as Button et al., 2014
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Online Dating Scam Victims Psychological Impact Analysis
Wang, C. (2022) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v4i.2740 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The case for economic criminology
Button, M., & Shepherd, D. (2023) · Journal of Economic Criminology · doi:10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationButton, M., Hock, B., Shepherd, D., & Gilmour, P. M. (2023) · Security Journal · doi:10.1057/s41284-023-00402-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Lying Feels the Right Thing to Do
van der Zee, S., Anderson, R., & Poppe, R. W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00734 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The identity theft response system
Wyre, M., & Lacey, D. (2020) · Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks · doi:10.52922/ti04299 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The impact of crime on tourists and the need for greater support for tourist victims
Özaşçılar, M., & Mawby, R. I. (2022) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/02697580221080006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, X., Ma, J., Liang, Y., Ma, L., & Liu, P. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.01.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Deng, Y., He, C., Zou, Y., & Li, B. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714137 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ridho, W. F. (2023) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-05-2023-0124 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Maher, C. A. (2023) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287231197422 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
‘They withdrew all I was worth’
Tade, O., & Adeniyi, O. A. (2017) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/0269758017704330 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cazanis, A., Carminati, J.-Y. J., Chew, K. A., Cross, C., Ponsford, J. L., & Gould, K. R. (2025) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2025.2481267 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Button, M., Lewis, C., & Tapley, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Button, Mark
- Venue
- Security Journal
- Published
- 2012-04-23
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-54
- ISSN
- 0955-1662 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-4645
- OpenAlex
- W1989454713
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 8.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Security Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- fraud, fraud victims, victim impact, financial hardship, psychological impact, mental health, physical health, family relationships, reputational damage, victim profile
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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