First images from a magnetic resonance force microscope
Abstract
We describe a new magnetic resonance imaging technique based on the measurement of magnetic force acting between a magnetic tip and the resonantly excited spins in the sample. Magnetic resonance force maps of the sample are formed by scanning the tip with respect to the sample while measuring the angstrom-scale vibration of a microcantilever holding the sample. Real-space spin density information can be recovered from the force maps by using a simple image reconstruction technique. The technique was demonstrated for electron spin resonance in micrometer-size particles of diphenylpicrylhydrazil. Using a tip that generates a field gradient of 4.3 G/μm, a lateral resolution of 5 μm, and an axial resolution of 1 μm was achieved.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Binnig, G. K., Quate, C. F., & Gerber, C. (1986) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.56.930 · Cited by 14,795 · see citing works
Magnetic imaging by ‘‘force microscopy’’ with 1000 Å resolution
Martin, Y., & Wickramasinghe, H. K. (1987) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.97800 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Improved fiber-optic interferometer for atomic force microscopy
Rugar, D., Mamin, H. J., & Guethner, P. (1989) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.101987 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnetic force microscopy: General principles and application to longitudinal recording media
Rugar, D., Mamin, H. J., Guethner, P., et al. (1990) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.346713 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Self-citationComputer Image Processing and Recognition
(1981) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.1981.4767058 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Mechanical detection of magnetic resonance
Rugar, D., Yannoni, C. S., & Sidles, J. A. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/360563a0 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Self-citationNoninductive detection of single-proton magnetic resonance
Sidles, J. A. (1991) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.104757 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Sidles, J. A. (1992) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.68.1124 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The theory of oscillator-coupled magnetic resonance with potential applications to molecular imaging
Sidles, J. A., Garbini, J. L., & Drobny, G. P. (1992) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.1143837 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Smirnov, A. I., Poluectov, O. G., & Lebedev, Y. S. (1992) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) · doi:10.1016/0022-2364(92)90233-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
DiVincenzo, D. P. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5234.255 · Cited by 1,651 · see citing works
Two-bit gates are universal for quantum computation
DiVincenzo, D. P. (1995) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.51.1015 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
- Authors
- Züger, O., & Rugar, D.
- Affiliations
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120
- IBM Research - Almaden (US)
- ORCID
- Rugar, D.
- Venue
- Applied Physics Letters
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 1993-11-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 2496-2498
- ISSN
- 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
- 1077-3118
- OpenAlex
- W2073621369
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physics Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electron Spin Resonance Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Magnetic properties of thin films
- Keywords
- magnetic resonance force microscopy, image reconstruction, electron spin resonance, axial and lateral resolution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
